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Lecture 15

This document provides an overview of chapter 7 on internal forces, which discusses determining the internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment within structural members using the method of sections. It covers sign conventions for internal forces, examples of calculating internal forces at specific points using equations of equilibrium, and how to develop and draw shear and moment diagrams showing how these internal forces vary along a member under different loading conditions.

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Adam Surti
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45 views19 pages

Lecture 15

This document provides an overview of chapter 7 on internal forces, which discusses determining the internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment within structural members using the method of sections. It covers sign conventions for internal forces, examples of calculating internal forces at specific points using equations of equilibrium, and how to develop and draw shear and moment diagrams showing how these internal forces vary along a member under different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

Adam Surti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATICS (ME 111)

Fall 2021

Lecture 15

Chapter 7: Internal Forces

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering


Chapter 7: Internal Forces
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
To use the method of sections to determine the
internal loadings in a member at a specific point.
To show how to obtain the internal shear and
moment throughout a member and express the
result graphically in the form of shear and
moment diagrams.
To analyze the forces and the shape of cables
supporting various types of loadings.
Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members
To design a structural or mechanical member it is
necessary to know the loading acting within the member
in order to be sure the material can resist this loading.
Internal loadings can be determined by using the
method of sections.
Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 Normal Force is force component NB that acts perpendicular


to the cross section
 Shear Force is the force component VB that is tangent to the
cross section
 Bending Moment is the couple moment MB
 The force components prevent the relative translation
between the two segments, and the couple moment prevents
the relative rotation.
Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 According to Newton’s third law, these loadings must act in


opposite directions on each segment, as shown in Fig. 7–1b.
 They can be determined by applying the equations of
equilibrium to the free-body diagram of either segment.
 A direct solution for NB is obtained by applying ΣFx =0
 VB is obtained from ΣFy =0
 MB can be obtained by applying ΣMB =0, since the moments of
NB and VB about B are zero.
Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 In two dimensions three internal loading resultants exists.


 In three dimensions six resultants exists.
Normal Force: Ny
Share Force: Vx and Vz
Torsional or Twisting Moment: My
Bending moment components: MX and MZ
 These resultant loadings will act at the geometric center or
centroid (C) of the section’s cross-sectional area.
Sign Convention

The normal force is said to be


positive if it creates tension
A positive shear force will cause the
beam segment on which it acts to
rotate clockwise
A positive bending moment will tend
to bend the segment on which it acts
in a concave upward manner
Example 7.1
Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending
moment acting just to the left, point B, and just to the
right, point C, of the 6-kN force on the beam in Fig. 7–4a.
Example 7.2
Example 7.2
Shear and Moment equations and Diagrams

The actual design of a beam requires a detailed


knowledge of the variation of the internal shear force V
and bending moment M acting at each point along the
axis of the beam.
These variations of V and M along the beam’s axis can
be obtained by using the method of sections
In this case, however, it is necessary to section the beam
at an arbitrary distance x from one end and then apply
the equations of equilibrium to the segment having the
length x. Doing this we can then obtain V and M as
functions of x
Shear and Moment equations and Diagrams
• In general, the internal shear and bending-
moment functions will be discontinuous, or their
slopes will be discontinuous, at points where a
distributed load changes or where concentrated
forces or couple moments are applied
• Because of this, these functions must be
determined for each segment of the beam
located between any two discontinuities of
loading
• For example, segments having lengths x1, x2,and
x3 will have to be used to describe the variation
of V and M along the length of the beam in Fig.
• These functions will be valid only within regions
from 0 to a for x1,from a to b for x2 ,and from b to
L for x3
• If the resulting functions of x are plotted, the
graphs are termed the shear diagram and
bending-moment diagram as shown in Figs.
Example 7.6
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft
shown in Fig. 7–11a. The support at Ais a thrust
bearing and the support at C is a journal bearing
Example 7.7
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam shown in Fig.

• From F.B.D the distributed loading acting at the


end of the segment has an intensity

• The magnitude of the resultant force is equal to

• This force acts through the centroid of the distributed loading


area, a distance 1/3x from the right end
Example 7.7
Practice Problems
7-1, 7-6, 7-11, 7-16, 7-19, 7-25, 7-28, 7-30
7-45, 7-46, 7-51, 7-53, 7-59, 7-63

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