Algorithms

Problem: to find the addition of two no.

Input: Value of two variable a and b.
Output: Sum of two no c.

Sequence of Steps:
1. Read a,b
2. Calculate c=a+b
3. Print “addition is” c
4. Exit
Introduction to Algorithms
Flowchart Notations
Flowchart
Ex: Draw a flowchart to find the largest no between two numbers A & B.
Ex: Draw a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers A, B, and C.
 Programming Languages
A computer language is a means of communication between people and
the computer.
Types of programming languages or Categorization :
There are two major types of programming languages:
1.Low Level languages:
a)Machine Level languages
b)Assembly Language

2.High Level languages:

a) Algebraic formula type processing
b)Business data processing
c)String and list processing
d)Object oriented programming language
e)Procedural Oriented programming language
f)Visual programming
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 Programming Languages
Low Level languages:

1.Machine level language: i.e. 0 or 1

EX: 0111111001
2.Assembly language: In this mnemonic code is used in place of
Binary code.
ex: START , ADD, SET.

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 Programming Languages
High Level languages:
1.Algebraic formula type processing:
EX:
a) BASIC (Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code)
b) FORTRAN ( Formula Translation)
c) PL/I (Programming Language Version 1)
d) ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
e) APL (A programming Language)
2. Algebraic formula type processing
f) COBOL (Common Business Oriented language)
g) RPG (Report Program Generator)
3. String and list processing
h) LISP (List processing)
i) Prolog (Program in Logic)

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 Programming Languages
4.Object oriented programming language:
a) C++
b) Java
c) .NET

5.Procedural Oriented programming language:

d) C
e) Pascal

6. Visual programming:

f) Visual Basic
g) Visual Java
h) Visual c++

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Generation of Computer Languages

1. First Generation Programming Language (1GL)

2. Second Generation Programming Language (2GL)
3. Third Generation Programming Language (3GL)
4. Forth Generation Programming Language (4GL)
5. Fifth Generation Programming Language (5GL)

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Generation of Computer Languages
1. First Generation Programming Language (1GL):
Typical 1GL Instruction Look Likes this:
01011101010111
2. Second Generation Programming Language (2GL):
Typical 1GL Instruction Look Likes this:
ADD 12,8
3. Third Generation Programming Language (3GL)
Typical 1GL Instruction Look Likes this:
Void main()
{
Clrscr()
demo ob;
ob.getxy;
ob.getsum();
getch(); BASIC COMPUTER ENGINEERING Prepared by: Mr. CHETAN GUPTA
}
Generation of Computer Languages
4. Forth Generation Programming Language (4GL):
Ex: Extract all customers where “previous purchases” then more then 1000.

5. Fifth Generation Programming Language (5GL):

Ex: Artificial Intelligence(AI)

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PROCEDURAL ORIENTED vs. OBJECT ORIENTED

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMING CONCEPT/FEATURES

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 Question
1. Compare machine language, assembly language and
high-level language?
• Compare compiler, Interpreter and Assembler?

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 Program Design

There are two ways of designing a program(algorithm) in

software development process:

1. Top -Down Design

2. Bottom-Up Design
 Top -Down Design
Main program

Subprogram 1 Subprogram 2

Subprogram 1.1 Subprogram 1.2 Subprogram 2.1

Subprogram 2.1.1
Programming Paradigms (Styles)
1. Procedural Programming paradigm
2. Modular Programming paradigm
3. Functional and Declarative(Logic) Programming
paradigm
4. Object-Oriented Programming paradigm
Procedural Programming paradigm
Main program

Func 1() Func 2() Func 3() Func 4()

Func 5()

Procedural Oriented Programming

 Procedural Programming paradigm
Func1()
{
- --------
- --------
}
Control is Func2() Function are Defined
transferred {
to the called - -------- Function fucn1() Called Inside the Function
function - Func1() Func2()
- --------
}
Main()
{
Func 1()
-------
Func2() Function Called Inside the main Function
--------
Func3()
--------
}
Modular Programming paradigm

Main()
{
-------
-------
-------
File 1()
-------
File 2()
--------
File3()
--------
}

Modular Programming paradigm

Object-Oriented Programming paradigm

Object 1

Object 2 Object 3

Object 4

Object-Oriented Programming approach

 Characteristic or Concept of OOP
1. Class
2. Object
3. Encapsulation
4. Data Abstraction
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Data Hiding
 Character Set
It is a valid set of characters.
Letters A-Z & a-z

Digits 0 to 9

Special + ,-, /, \, {}, [ ], = ,!, <, > ,“” ,$, &, >=, <=,
Symbol
etc
White space Space, Horizontal tab, Vertical tab,
Character
Newline
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 Token
The smallest unit of a program is known as token
or lexical unit.
C ++ have following tokens:
1. Keywords
2. Identifier
3. Constant
4. Separators
5. operators

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 Keywords
Keywords are the reserved word that have special meaning

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 Identifiers

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 Constant
Constant are the fixed valve.
Integer Constant 1000,25,35,34
Character Constant ‘a’, ‘x’, ‘p’, ‘v’
Floating Constant 99.8, 67.567, -98.65
String Constant “hello c++”, “Bhopal”
Escape sequence “”, /n
Constant

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 Separators
Symbol Separator Name Description

; Semi-colon Used to terminate the c++ statement.

() Parentheses Represent the property of function parameter

{} braces Used to define a block of code of function, class

[] Bracket Used to declare array type

, comma Used to separate identifiers in c++

. dot Separate package name

= Equal to sign Used for variable initialization

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 Operators
Ex: +, _,*, %

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 Introduction to C++
C++ is an object oriented programming language. C++ is
developed by “Bjarne Stroustrup ” at AT & T Bell laboratories
in 1983.

Features of c++:
1.Object oriented
2.Class
3.Data abstraction
4.Inheritance
5.Poltmorphism
6.Portability
7.Versatile
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Precedence & Associativity

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Precedence & Associativity

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 Precedence & Associativity
EX: 1.
int a=10, b=20, c=3, d;
1. d=a+b*d;
2. d=(a+b)*d;

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// this is a c++ addition program
Program Structure
//comment section

#include<iostream.h> //preprocessor directives

#include<conio.h>
Class test
{
Public:
Int a,b;
Void get_valves()
{
Cout<<“enter two values”;
Cin>>a>>b;
Cout<<a>>b;
}
};
Void main() //main function
{
Clrscr();
Test hello;
Hello.get_valess(); //body of main function
getch(); BASIC COMPUTER ENGINEERING PREPARED BY: Mr. CHETAN GUPTA
} // end of main function