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Earth Science SHS 1.4 Encounter Theory

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1. The encounter theory proposes that the planets formed from material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object. 2. The planetesimal theory, a form of encounter theory, proposes that a passing star caused the protosun to eject material that condensed into planetesimals, including Earth. It was proposed by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton. 3. The tidal theory proposes that a passing star's hot gas condensed directly into planets around the sun, as proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys.

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Earth Science SHS 1.4 Encounter Theory

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steven irvine alampay
318 views16 pages
1. The encounter theory proposes that the planets formed from material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object. 2. The planetesimal theory, a form of encounter theory, proposes that a passing star caused the protosun to eject material that condensed into planetesimals, including Earth. It was proposed by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton. 3. The tidal theory proposes that a passing star's hot gas condensed directly into planets around the sun, as proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys.

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1. The encounter theory proposes that the planets formed from material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object. 2. The planetesimal theory, a form of encounter theory, proposes that a passing star caused the protosun to eject material that condensed into planetesimals, including Earth. It was proposed by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton. 3. The tidal theory proposes that a passing star's hot gas condensed directly into planets around the sun, as proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys.

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318 views16 pages

Earth Science SHS 1.4 Encounter Theory

Uploaded by

steven irvine alampay
1. The encounter theory proposes that the planets formed from material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object. 2. The planetesimal theory, a form of encounter theory, proposes that a passing star caused the protosun to eject material that condensed into planetesimals, including Earth. It was proposed by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton. 3. The tidal theory proposes that a passing star's hot gas condensed directly into planets around the sun, as proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys.

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Lesson 1.

Encounter Theory
explain the origin of the
1 solar system based on the
encounter theory;
differentiate the
Objectives planetesimal theory from
2
At the end the tidal theory;
of the
identify the proponents of
lesson, you
should be
3 the planetesimal theory
and tidal theory; and
able to:
enumerate the drawbacks of
4 the planetesimal theory and
tidal theory.
Learn about It!

The Encounter Theory


• The Encounter Theory
proposes that the planets
were formed from the
material ejected from the
sun during an encounter
with another celestial object,
such as another star.

An artistic visualization of
the encounter theory
Learn about It!

Planetesimal Theory
• Planetesimal Theory​, is a form of encounter theory.
• It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star
nearly collided with the protosun.
• The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes
the protosun to eject filaments of material which then
condensed into planetesimals.
• This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass
smaller than its present size.
Learn about It!

Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory


● Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
proposed that accretion of
minute solid particles created
planets and their moons rather
than by gaseous or liquid
material condensation.
● Forest Ray Moulton provided
the mathematical calculations to Thomas Chrowder
Forest Ray
Chamberlin’s idea. Chamberlin Moulton
Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Planetesimal Theory


• Planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today due to the
fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates
rather than contract.
• In addition, the force from the passing star will pull dust and
gases far away from the sun, that they would not be able to
form the planets in the solar system.
Learn about It!

The Tidal Theory


• The Tidal Theory explains that
the solar system formed as a
result of a near collision between
a passing star and the sun.
• This theory proposes that the hot
gas from the passing star
condensed into planets instead of
condensing into planetesimals.
The lengthy tidal tails of the
colliding antennae galaxies
Learn about It!

Proponents of the Tidal Theory


• The tidal theory was proposed
by James Jeans, an English
physicist and astronomer, and
Harold Jeffreys, an English
mathematician and astronomer
in 1918.

Sir James Jeans


Learn about It!

Drawbacks of the Tidal Theory


• One problem of the tidal
theory is that the hot
material from either star
cannot contract.
• Thus, planets will not
form.

Stars Collision
Key Points

The encounter theory proposes that the planets


1 formed from the material ejected from the sun during
an encounter with another celestial object.

It has several forms, including the planetisimal theory


2 and the tidal theory.

The ​planetesimal theory describes Earth starting from


3 a solid mass smaller than its present size. It was
proposed by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin​and an
Forest Ray Moulton.
Key Points

The planetary theory is no longer accepted due to the


4 fact that hot material from the sun will expand and
dissipate rather than contract

The ​tidal theory proposes that the hot gas from the
passing star condensed into planets instead of
5 condensing into planetesimals. It was proposed by
James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys.

One problem of the tidal theory is that the hot material


6 from either star cannot contract so planets will not form.
Check Your Understanding

Arrange the following events in the planetesimal


theory in order. Write numbers 1 to 5.
__________ Materials ejected from the protosun condensed
into planetesimals.
__________ The oceans and the atmosphere were formed on
Earth through volcanic activities.
__________ The planets formed by accretion.
__________ The protosun ejects filaments of materials.
__________ An intruding star nearly collided with a protosun.
Check Your Understanding

Arrange the following events in the tidal theory in


order. Write numbers 1 to 5.
__________ These bodies further condensed into planets.
__________ The gravitational attraction pulled the mass of
dust and gas from the remaining nebula around
the sun.
__________ The particles clump to form cosmic bodies of
different sizes.
___________ The gas particles then condensed into liquid
and solid states.
___________ A star passed near the sun.
Challenge Yourself

What is the similarity and difference between


planetesimal and tidal theory?
Bibliography

Rodney Holder and Simon Mitton. 2013. Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy, Germany: Springer
Science & Business Media.

John Chambers and Jacqueline Mitton. 2013. From Dust to Life: The Origin and Evolution of Our Solar
System, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Michael Mark Woolfson. 2012. Time, Space, Stars and Man: The Story of the BigBang, Singapore: World
Scientific.

J. Schombert. 2012. Origin of the Solar System. Accessed March 16, 2017
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec24.html

D. Darling. 2016. Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis. Accessed March 16,2017


http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CMplanhypoth.html
Photo Credits

● Slide 5: These files T.C.Chamberlin.gif from University of Wisconsin - Madison Archivesand


Forest Ray Moulton extracted by Jochen Burghardt are in Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons

● Slide 7: This file, NGC40384039 by Brad Whitmore (STScI) and NASA, is in public domain via
Wikimedia Commons.

● Slide 8: This file, James Hopwood Jeans is in public domain via Wikimedia Commons.

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