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    English Morphology

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    Anggun Ntlya
    This document provides an introduction to morphology, which is the study of word structure and formation. It explains that words are composed of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units that can convey both grammatical and lexical meaning. The document distinguishes between free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes like affixes that cannot. It also differentiates between inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical functions, and derivational morphemes that form new words. Finally, it notes that morphology can be unpredictable, with place names taking different suffixes to denote citizens or adjectives relating to that place.

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    English Morphology

    Uploaded by

    Anggun Ntlya
    32 views21 pages
    This document provides an introduction to morphology, which is the study of word structure and formation. It explains that words are composed of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units that can convey both grammatical and lexical meaning. The document distinguishes between free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes like affixes that cannot. It also differentiates between inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical functions, and derivational morphemes that form new words. Finally, it notes that morphology can be unpredictable, with place names taking different suffixes to denote citizens or adjectives relating to that place.

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    This document provides an introduction to morphology, which is the study of word structure and formation. It explains that words are composed of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units that can convey both grammatical and lexical meaning. The document distinguishes between free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes like affixes that cannot. It also differentiates between inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical functions, and derivational morphemes that form new words. Finally, it notes that morphology can be unpredictable, with place names taking different suffixes to denote citizens or adjectives relating to that place.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    32 views21 pages

    English Morphology

    Uploaded by

    Anggun Ntlya
    This document provides an introduction to morphology, which is the study of word structure and formation. It explains that words are composed of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units that can convey both grammatical and lexical meaning. The document distinguishes between free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes like affixes that cannot. It also differentiates between inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical functions, and derivational morphemes that form new words. Finally, it notes that morphology can be unpredictable, with place names taking different suffixes to denote citizens or adjectives relating to that place.

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    Introduction to English

    morphology
    What is morphology
     Morphology is the study of the
    structure of words.
     Morphology analyzes the internal
    structure of words.
     Words are made up of morphemes.
    Why is morphology important?
     The form of a word can give us
    important information about its
    function.
     If we learn to analyze the structure of
    words we may understand the
    meaning of new words.
     Morphology is very unpredictable.
    Morpheme (I)
     A morpheme is the smallest
    meaningful unit.
     The meaning that a morpheme gives
    can be:
     Grammatical (for instance: the part of
    speech, if the word is plural or singular, the
    tense of a verb, etc.)
     Lexical (that is the ‘dictionary’ meaning’)
     Both grammatical and lexical
    An example

    COWRITERS

    lexical: together make marks one who X’s ---


    on paper
    grammatical: noun plural
    --- verb
    Morpheme (II)
     A word that contains more than one
    morpheme is a morphologically
    complex word
     One morpheme is the basic one,
    the core of the form  root or stem
     The add-ons bound morphemes
    are affixes
    E.g. ‘rearranged’
    ‘teachers’
    Type of morphemes
     Free Vs. Bound Morphemes

    Free Bound
    Can stand alone as separate Cannot occur on their own
    words as separate words
    Single morphemes Affixes
    e.g. hunt, kill, the, play, -s in dogs
    child, book. -ness in happiness
    -ed in walked
    Free Morphemes
    it’s divided into lexical and functional
    morphemes.
    Lexical morphemes Functional morphemes
    As content words: carry the as function words
    content of the message
    Includes nouns, verbs, Include pronouns, articles,
    adjective, adverbs: conjunctions, prepositions:
    children, love, beauty, play, as, the, on, from, and, in,
    sing etc.
    Open class word Close class words
    Bound Morphemes (I)
    Affixation
     Prefix: An affix that is attached to
    the front of a base, e.g. re-play.
     Suffix: An affix that is attached to
    the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness.
     Infix: An affix that occur within a
    base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-
    ambung.
    Bound Morphemes (II)
    It’s divided into derivational and
    inflectional morphemes.
     Derivational  Inflectional
    morphemes make morphemes
    new words in a indicate aspects of
    language- different grammatical
    grammatical function of a word.
    category from the
    e.g. suffix –ed in
    stem
    walked indicate
    e.g. suffix –ness in past tense
    happiness
    Derivation Vs. Inflection
     It changes the  It does not change
    category and/or the either the
    type of meaning of grammatical
    the word to create a category or the type
    new word. of meaning found in
    the word.
    e.g. suffix –ment in
    government e.g. suffix –s in
    books
    English Inflectional Morphemes
    Nouns
    –s plural
    –’s possessive
    Verbs
    –s third person singular present
    –ed past tense
    –en past participle
    –ing progressive
    Adjectives
    –ercomparative
    –est superlative
    examples of English Derivational
    Morpheme
     -ic : Noun  Adj ; alcohol  alcoholic
     -ance : Verb  Noun ; clear  clearance
     -ly : Adj  Adv ; exact  exactly
     -ity : Adj  Noun ; active  activity
     -able : Verb  Adj ; read  readable
     -ship : Noun  Noun ; friend  friendship
     re- : Verb  Verb ; cover  recover
     in- : Adj  Adj ; definite 
    indefinite
    Review

    Morphemes

    Free Bound

    Lexical Functional Inflectional Derivational


    Analyzing words
     The girl’s wildness shocked the teacher
    The  functional
    girl  lexical
    -s  inflectional
    Wild  lexical
    -ness  derivational
    Shock  lexical
    -ed  inflectional
    The  functional
    Teach  lexical
    -er  derivational
    Analyze different types of
    morphemes
    The young boy played with his friends.
    The  Functional
    Young  Lexical
    Boy  Lexical
    Play 
    Lexical
    -ed 
    Inflection
    With 
    Functional
    His 
    Functional
    Friend 
    Lexical
    -s 
    inflectional
    Allomorphs
     Sometimes, because of historical or
    phonological reasons, the same
    morpheme can have different forms
    (different realizations)
    impossible, incredible, illegal,
    irrelevant
     These different realizations are
    called allomorphs.
    The unpredictability of
    morphology (I)
     Morphology, that is words, do not
    always combine following a logical
    rules

    Consider the unpredictability of


    morphology in the following slides
    The unpredictability of
    morphology (II)
     -ese
    Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Taiwanese
     -an
    African, Australian, American, Cuban, Jamaican, Mexican
     -ian
    Argentinian, Brazilian, Canadian, Egyptian
     -ish
    Spanish, Irish, British, Flemish, Polish, Scottish
     -i
    Iraqi, Israeli, Kuwaiti, Pakistani
     -?
    French, German, Greek, Dutch
    The unpredictability of
    morphology (III)

    ADJECTIVE NOUN
    (relate to place X) (a citizen of place X)
    • American • American
    • Polish • Pole
    • Scottish • Scot
    • Spanish • Spaniard

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