Control Circuits

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Control Circuits

Basic Principles and Operation


What’s Ahead?

 What is Control?
 Manual and Automatic control
 Contacts, Switches, and Coils
 Logic Basics
 Types of Control Circuits
 Open Loop vs. Closed Loop
What is Control?

Control is a broad term that means anything


from a simple toggle switch to a complex
system with components such as relays,
timers, and switches.
What is Control?

Control circuits may


use the same
voltage that feeds
the loads they are
controlling.
What is Control?

Control circuits may


also be a different
voltage than the
loads they control.
This is done using a
separate power
supply or by using a
step-down
transformer.
Manual and Automatic control

Control circuits may require Manual


control, Automatic control, or a
combination of both.
Manual Control

Manual Control circuits use components that


require human interaction in order to operate.

Toggle switch

AC
source
Manual Control

Manual Control circuits use components that


require human interaction in order to operate.

Toggle switch

AC
source
Automatic Control
Automatic control circuits can operate
themselves without the need for human
interaction.
Float switch

AC
source
Automatic Control
Automatic control circuits can operate
themselves without the need for human
interaction.
Float switch

AC
source
Contacts, Switches, and Coils

The most common types of components


found in a control circuit are contacts,
switches, and coils.
Contacts

Contacts can be Normally Open (NO) or


Normally Closed (NC).

NO NC
Switches

 Toggle
 Pushbutton
 Selector switch
Toggle Switches

Toggle switches are


generally used in 2-
wire control circuits.
Toggle Switches

2-wire control circuit

Toggle switch

AC
source
Toggle Switches

2-wire control circuit

Toggle switch

AC
source
Toggle Switches

2-wire control circuit


Toggle switch

AC
source

SAFETY TIP!
2-wire control circuits should not be used on mechanical
loads due to restart after a loss of power occurs.
Toggle Switches

2-wire control circuit


Toggle switch

AC
source

SAFETY TIP!
2-wire control circuits should not be used on mechanical
loads due to restart after a loss of power occurs.
Pushbuttons

Pushbuttons are
generally used in 3-
wire control circuits
because of their
momentary
operation.
Pushbuttons

3-wire control circuit


Start
Stop

AC
source C

C
Pushbuttons

3-wire control circuit


Start
Stop

AC
source C

C
Pushbuttons

3-wire control circuit


Start
Stop

AC
source C

C
Pushbuttons

3-wire control circuit


Start
Stop

AC
source C

C
Pushbuttons

3-wire control circuit


Start
Stop

AC
source C

C
Selector

Selector switches allow


manual or automatic
operation of a circuit.
Selector Switch

hand

AC off
source

auto
Selector Switch

hand

AC off
source

auto
Selector Switch

hand

AC off
source

auto
Selector Switch

hand

AC off
source

auto
Coils
When coils are energized, any contacts that are
controlled by them change from their normal to
energized state.
NO NC

C
Coils
When coils are energized, any contacts that are
controlled by them change from their normal to
energized state.
NO NC

C
Logic Basics

 AND
 OR
AND Logic

AND logic is a series relationship between


contacts in a control circuit. A control
circuit with two or more stop buttons
would be an example of AND logic.
AND Logic

Start
Stop Stop

AC
source C

C
OR Logic

OR logic is a parallel relationship between


contacts in a control circuit. A circuit
containing two or more start buttons is
an example of OR logic.
OR Logic

Start

Start
Stop Stop

AC
source C

C
Types of Control Circuits

 Magnetic
 Electronic
 Programmable
Magnetic Control Circuits

Magnetic control circuits use the principles


of magnetic induction to properly operate
equipment. All components of this type
of circuit are hard wired together.
Magnetic Control Circuits

Start

Start
Stop Stop

AC
source C

C
Electronic Control Circuits

Electronic control circuits function through


the use of manufactured equipment
modules that use solid state
components. These components are
usually soldered together on a circuit
board.
Electronic Control Circuits
Programmable

A programmable logic controller is a


central module that has all of the circuit
switches (inputs) and coils (outputs)
connected to it. The circuit logic is
programmed into the controller through
the use of a computer. A microprocessor
(CPU) solves the logic of the program.
Programmable Logic Controllers
Programmable Logic Controllers
Open Loop vs. Closed Loop

Choosing between an open loop and a


closed loop will depend on the
requirements of the system you are
controlling.
Open Loop
An open loop system controls a process
without the use of any feedback.
Closed Loop
A closed loop system controls and monitors
a process through the use of feedback.
Control Circuits

Let’s Review!
What is Control?

Control is a broad term that means anything


from a simple toggle switch to a complex
system with components such as relays,
timers, and switches.
Manual and Automatic Control

Manual control circuits use components that


require human interaction in order to operate.

Automatic control circuits can operate


themselves without the need for human
interaction.
Contacts, Switches, and Coils

The most common types of components


found in a control circuit are contacts,
switches, and coils.
Logic Basics

AND logic is a series relationship between


contacts in a control circuit.

OR logic is a parallel relationship between


contacts in a control circuit.
Types of Control Circuits

Magnetic control circuits use the principles


of magnetic induction to properly operate
equipment. All components of this type
of circuit are hard wired together.
Types of Control Circuits

Electronic control circuits function through


the use of manufactured equipment
modules that use solid state
components. These components are
usually soldered together on a circuit
board.
Types of Control Circuits

A programmable control circuit is designed


on a computer and downloaded into a
device with a microprocessor.
Open Loop vs. Closed Loop

An open loop system controls a process


without the use of any feedback.

A closed loop system controls and monitors


a process through the use of feedback.

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