DESCRIBING

SAMPLE AND
SAMPLING
PROCEDURE

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Sampling
• Sampling – is the process of selecting and getting the respondents
of the study with the minimum cost such that resulting
observations will be representative of the entire population.
• Sampling is the process of getting information from a proper
subset of population.
• The ultimate purpose of all the sampling designs is to imitate the
behavior of the entire population based on a few observations
only.
• The fundamental purpose all sampling plans is to describe the
population characteristics through the values obtained from a
sample as accurately as possible.
Sampling Plan

A sampling plan is a detailed outline of which

measurements will be taken at times, on which
material, in what manner, and by whom that
support the purpose of an analysis.
Element Sample and Population
• An element is a member of a population who can
provide information for the population.

• A population consists of the total elements about which

you can make inferences based on the data gathered.

• A sample n is a selection of respondents for a research

study to represent the total population (N).
Sample Size Determination

• Given a population frame, the first question that a

researcher often asks is the sample size.
• How large a sample must one take in order to be
certain that the values calculated will not be too
far from the actual values of the population
values?
Sample Size Determination
• If we know that the underlying population is normally
distributed then if we have estimate of the variability
of the population such as the sample variance S2, the
formula for determining the sample size is:
• Where: n = sample size
e = error tolerance or
margin of error (about 0.05 or 0.01)
S2 = sample variance
Sample Size Determination

• In the event of lack of knowledge about the

behavior of the population, the Slovin’s formula
may be applied.
• SLOVIN’S Formula in Determining the Sample Size
Where: n = sample size
N = total population
e = margin of error
Sample Size Determination

• Population (N) consists of members of a group

that researcher is interested in studying. The
members of a group that usually have common or
similar characteristics
• Margin of error (e) is the allowable error margin
in research. A confidence interval of 95% gives a
margin of error of 5%; a 98% confidence interval
gives a margin of error of 2%; a 99% confidence
Example: Find the sample size n required for a
population size N=1000 if a margin of error
e=0.05 is tolerated.
n = 1000 / [1 + (1000)(0.05)(0.05)]
= 1000 / [1 + (1000)(0.0025)]
= 1000 / (1 + 2.5)
n = 285.71 or 286
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A. Probability Sampling Procedure

B. Non-Probability Sampling Procedure

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A. Probability Sampling Procedure
- Probability sampling refers to a sampling technique in
which samples are obtained using some objective chance
mechanism, thus involving randomization.
- Probability sampling is the only approach that makes
possible representative sampling plans. It makes possible
for the investigators to estimate the extent to which the
findings based on their sample are likely to differ in what
they would have found by studying the whole population.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
- The use of probability sampling enables the
investigator to specify the size of the sample that
they will need if they want to have the given degree
of certainty that their sample findings do not differ
by more than a specified amount from those that a
study of a whole population would yield.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Simple Random Sampling.
This is the most frequently used type of probability sampling
technique.
This is characterized by the idea that the chance of selection is
the same for every member of the population.
This is the basic probability sampling design, in which the
sample is selected by a process that does not only give each
element in the population a chance of being included in the
sample but also makes the selection of every possible
combination of the desired number of cases equally likely.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Simple Random Sampling.
The sample is selected in one of two ways: by means of a
table of random numbers or by using a lottery technique.
There are situations when the researcher cannot employ
random selection. In cases where probability sampling is not
applicable, you may consider some non-probability sampling
alternatives. This a technique when there is no way of
estimating the probability that each element has of being
included in the sample and no assurance that every element
has a chance of being included.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Systematic Random Sampling.
It follows specific steps and procedures in doing the
random selection of the samples. It require a list of
the elements and every nth element in the list is
drawn for inclusion in the sample. It is affected by
drawing units at regular intervals from a list.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Systematic Random Sampling.
The starting point or the first units to be taken is a
random choice. It differs from one simple random
sampling where each member of the population is
not chosen independently.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Systematic Random Sampling.
Once the first member has been selected, all the
other members of the random sample are
automatically determined. The population list in
the systematic sampling must be in random order.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Systematic Random Sampling.
For instance, you have a list of 5,000 persons and you
need a sample of 500.
- Divide the elements in the population by the desired
sample size; 5000/500=10
- Choose number from 1-10, say 5
- Starting with 5, take every tenth (10th), thus you select
5,15,25,35, etc. until you reached sample size of 500
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Stratified Random Sampling.
The population is organized into homogenous subsets
before drawing the samples. With stratified random
sampling, the population is divided into sub-population
called strata.
It is selecting sub-samples proportionate in size to the
significant characteristics of the total population.
Different strata in the population are defined and each
member of the stratum is listed.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Stratified Random Sampling.
Simple random sampling is applied to each stratum.
The number of units drawn from each stratum depends
on the ratio of the desired sample in the population.
Stratified sampling assures the researcher that his/her
sample will be representative of the population in terms
of certain critical factors that have been used as the
basis for stratification.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Stratified Random Sampling.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Stratified Random Sampling.
For instance, there are 1,200 junior high school population and you
need a sample size of 300
-Stratify and get the population for each stratum
Grade7 350
Grade8 300
Grade9 280
Grade 10 270
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Stratified Random Sampling.
- Divide each population per stratum by the total population
and multiply by the desired sample size
Grade7 350/1200x300=87.5 say 88
Grade8 300/1200x300=75 75
Grade9 280/1200x300=70 70
Grade 10 270/1200x300=67.5 say 67
Total 300
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Cluster Sampling.
A technique in which the unit of sampling is not the
individual but the naturally occurring group of
individuals.
The technique is used when it is more convenient to
select individuals from a defined population.
It is used when the target respondents in a research
study is spread across a geographical location.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Cluster Sampling.
The population is divided into N mutually
exclusive groups called clusters which are
heterogenous in nature and are mutually exclusive.
A random sample of n clusters is selected and their
elements are completely enumerated.
It is administratively convenient and its main
advantage is saving time and money.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Cluster Sampling.
Examples are those
which consider
geographical clustering
as provinces, towns or
cities, barangay, etc.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Multi-stage sampling.
Refers to the procedure as in cluster sampling
which moves through the series of stages from
more inclusive to the less inclusive sampling units
until arriving at the population elements that
constitute the desired sampling.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
B. Non-Probability Sampling Procedure
There are situations when the researcher cannot
employ random selection. In cases where probability
sampling is not applicable, you may consider some
non-probability sampling alternatives. This a
technique when there is no way of estimating the
probability that each element has of being included
in the sample and no assurance that every element
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Convenience Sampling.
This is a method of selecting samples that are
available and are capable of participating in a
research study on a current issue.
This method is sometimes called haphazard or
availability sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Convenience Sampling.
An example would be conducting a survey or interview
on a captive audience inside a mall or park or school to
obtain a quick response of public opinion on an issue
about election of public officials.
This one is the most common techniques of sampling.
This also known as “the man on the street” interviews
conducted frequently by television news program to get a
quick reading of public opinion.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Snowball Sampling.
Is a technique where the researcher identifies a key
informant about a research of interest and then ask that
respondent to refer or identify another respondent who
can participate in the study.
This technique is applicable when researchers find
difficulty in locating special numbers of a population.
The chain referral allows the researcher to reach the
desired samples.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Purposive Sampling or Judgement Sampling.
Sometimes called judgmental or subjective sampling
employs a procedure in which samples are chosen for a
special purposes.
It is used when practical considerations prevent the use of
probability sampling. Since sampling errors and biases
cannot be computed for non-probability samples, purposive
or judgmental sampling should be limited to situations like
when the probable errors are not serious and when
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Purposive Sampling or Judgement Sampling.
An example of this is when you run people in a mall or on the
street that are carrying a clipboard and who are stopping
various people and asking if they could interview them.
Most likely, they are conducting purposive sample that might
be looking for a Filipino female with long hair between ages
17-25 years old. They size up the people passing by and
anyone who looks into the category they stop to ask if they will
participate. One of the first thing they do is to verify that the
respondents meets the criteria for being in the sample.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
Quota Sampling.
Quota sampling is gathering a representative sample from a
group based on certain characteristics of the population chosen
by the researcher.
It is a technique with provision to guarantee the inclusion in the
sample of diverse elements in the population and to make sure
that these diverse elements are taken into account in proportion
in which they occur in the population.
In quota sampling, you select people non-randomly according to
some fixed quota.
Types of Quota Sampling
A. Proportional quota sampling.
If you want to represent the major characteristics of the population by
sampling a proportional amount of each. In the specific condition, for
example, is for both genders, males and females are to be represented
equally in the sample group, then if 60 representatives needed, then
you get 30 males and 30 females from each group. Another example,
if you know the population has 70% women and 30% men, and that
you want a total sample size of 100, you will continue sampling until
you get those percentages and then you will stop. So, if you’ve
already got the 70 women for your sample, but not the 30% men, you
will continue to sample them because you have already “met your
Types of Quota Sampling
B. Non-proportional quota sampling.
It is a bit less restrictive. In the technique, you specify
the minimum number of sampled units you want in each
category. You will not be concerned with having
numbers that match the proportions in the population.
This technique is the non-probabilistic analogue of
stratified random sampling. It is usually used to assure
that smaller groups are adequately represented in your
sample.