Psicopatologia II

PSICOPATOLOGI
A II
Guillermo Rivera Arroyo, MD, MHPS, PhD.
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MENTAL DISORDER
Also known as a psychiatric disorder, is a condition
that affects a person's thinking, feeling, behavior, or
mood.
Mental disorders are typically associated with
distress, impaired functioning, and a decreased
ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life.
TYPES OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
 There are many different types of mental disorders, including
 anxiety disorders,
 mood disorders (such as depression and bipolar disorder),
 psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia),
 personality disorders, and
 eating disorders, among others.
CAUSES
 Mental disorders can have a variety of causes, including
 genetic factors,
 environmental factors, and
 life experiences.
 They can be diagnosed by a mental health professional through a
clinical interview and assessment, and can be treated with a variety
of interventions, such as psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle
changes.
THE MOST COMMON MENTAL
DISORDERS
 Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistent feelings of
sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It affects
people of all ages, genders, and backgrounds and can significantly impair daily
functioning and quality of life.
 Other common mental disorders include anxiety disorders (such as generalized

anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder), substance
use disorders, and bipolar disorder. However, it's worth noting that mental
health conditions are complex and can vary widely from person to person.
DEPRESSION
 Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder that affect a person's
thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Depression is characterized by persistent
feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities
that were once enjoyable. The symptoms of depression can vary in intensity
and duration and can impact a person's ability to function in daily life.
 Depressive disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic,

biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Life events such as
trauma, loss, and stressful situations can also trigger or exacerbate depression.
SOME COMMON SYMPTOMS
OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
 Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
 Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable
 Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
 Fatigue or lack of energy
 Changes in appetite and weight
 Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
 Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
 Thoughts of death or suicide
TREATMENT
 Treatment options may include medication,
 psychotherapy, or a combination of both.
 Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and
stress management techniques
DEPRESSION IN BOLIVIA
 According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of depressive
disorders in Bolivia is estimated to be around 7.6% of the population.
However, it's worth noting that depression may be underreported in Bolivia
due to stigma, lack of access to mental health services, and cultural factors
that discourage seeking help for mental health issues.
 One study found that factors associated with depression in Bolivia include
being female, having a low level of education, living in rural areas, and
experiencing poverty or discrimination. Other risk factors for depression in
Bolivia include exposure to violence, chronic illness, and stressful life
events.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02143-7/fulltext?
fbclid=IwAR1eC4gXcD_9iFI2puZNCtolJ1S8d3vEIG45uT-wcyutepf_uazlBo0DgRs
DSM-5 CRITERIA FOR
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
 Depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all
activities (anhedonia) for at least two weeks.
 The presence of at least four additional symptoms, which may
include changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, fatigue,
feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, and
thoughts of death or suicide.
 The symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
THE DSM-5 CRITERIA
 The symptoms are not due to a medical condition or the effects of a substance,
such as medication or drug abuse.
 The symptoms are not better explained by a different mental disorder.
To receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, a person must meet criteria
1 and 2, and to receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, a person
must experience a chronic depressive state lasting at least two years.
THE ICD-11 CRITERIA FOR
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
1. Depressive episode: This is characterized by a two-week period of low mood or loss of
pleasure, along with at least three other symptoms, such as reduced energy, decreased
concentration, or changes in appetite and sleep. The symptoms should cause significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
2. Persistent depressive disorder: This is characterized by a chronic or persistent depressive
state that lasts for at least two years. The symptoms are similar to those of a depressive
episode, but they are less severe and more chronic in nature.
3. Recurrent depressive disorder: This is characterized by two or more episodes of major
depression separated by at least two months of remission.
CIE-11
4. Other specified depressive disorder: This category includes depressive symptoms that do not
meet the criteria for the other depressive disorders, or that have atypical features, such as a
seasonal pattern or postpartum onset.
5. Unspecified depressive disorder: This category includes depressive symptoms that do not fit
into any of the specific diagnostic categories, but still cause significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
It's important to note that these diagnostic criteria are used by mental health professionals to
guide their assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of depressive disorders. A comprehensive
evaluation by a qualified mental health professional is necessary to make a formal diagnosis of
depression, as well as to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.
 Genetics: There is evidence to suggest that depression can run in families, and
individuals with a family history of depression may be more likely to develop
the condition.
 Brain chemistry: Chemical imbalances in the brain, such as a deficiency in
serotonin or dopamine, can contribute to the development of depression.
 Environmental factors: Trauma, stressful life events, social isolation, and
chronic illness can all contribute to the onset of depression.
 Personality traits: Individuals with certain personality traits, such as low self-
esteem, pessimism, or a tendency to worry, may be more prone to developing
depression.
 Substance abuse: Substance abuse, including alcohol and drug use, can also
increase the risk of depression.
 Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders or
chronic pain, can contribute to the development of depression.
Zhuo, C., Li, G., Lin, X. et al. The rise and fall of MRI studies in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 9, 335 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0680-6
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PSICOPATOLOGI

 Other common mental disorders include anxiety disorders (such as generalized

 Depressive disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic,

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