Flower and Seed

THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
OF FLOWERING PLANTS
显花植物的生殖器官
The structure of flower
Flower – the reproductive organs of flowering plants
(angiospermae)
– develop into fruits and seeds
– flower bud 花芽→ flower → fruits and seeds
stigma
anther
雌 stamen
蕊 style
Carpel/ filament
pistil 花冠
Ovary Petal => corolla
花萼
calyx <= sepal receptacle
peduncle
Flower Fruit Seed
雄蕊
柱头 Carpel/ Pistil 雌蕊
花药
花柱
花丝
子房
花瓣
萼片
胚珠
Peduncle 花柄
花托
Protection;
attract insects
Produce pollens Receive pollens
Support stigma
Support anther
Contain ovule for
fertilization
Develop into
seed after Protect flower
fertilisation bud
Place where others
flower parts grow
THE STRUCTURE OF FLOWER
• Calyx 花萼 : the sepals of a flower forms a protective layer

around a flower bud 由数片萼片组成，保护花蕾
• Corolla 花冠 : all of the petals of a flower, protect the inner
parts of flower and are usually brightly coloured highly attractive
to insects which act as agents for pollination 由多片花瓣组成，
具保护花内部构造及吸引昆虫传粉
• Perianth 花被 : consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla
(petals) 花萼与花冠的总称
• Perianth 花被 : the outer part of a flower, consisting
of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) 花萼与花瓣的总
称
Stamen 雄蕊 consists of:
• (1) anther 花药 : produce pollen grains 产生花粉粒
• (2) filament 花丝 : support the anther 支持花药
Carpel/ pistil 雌蕊 consist of :

• stigma 柱头： receive pollen grain during
pollination 接受花粉粒
• style 花柱： support stigma 支持柱头
• ovary 子房 : forms the fruit after fertilization;
contains the ovule 受精后形成果实 ; 内有胚珠
TYPES OF FLOWER
Complete flower 完全花 a flower consists of 4 main
floral parts (sepals, petals, stamen, carpel)
• Example: Hibiscus 木槿花（大红花）， morning glory
牵牛花
TYPES OF FLOWER
Incomplete flower 不完全花 missing 1 or more
complete flower parts 缺少花器中任何一部分的花
1. Achlamydeous flower 无被花： perianth is absent
• Example: maize 玉蜀黍 , Poinsettia 一品红
TYPES OF FLOWER
2. monochlamydeous flower 单被花 : possess a
single layer of perianth only
jackfruit Bougainvillea 九
菠萝蜜花重葛
TYPES OF FLOWER
3. Unisexual flower 单性花 : possess only stamen or
pistil
• Example: coconut, watermelon, cucumber, bitter
gourd
Female flower of papaya male flower of papaya

anther
stigma
Female flower male flower

of coconut of coconut
Female flower Male flower
of corn of corn
TYPES OF FLOWER
4. neutral flower 中性花： Without
stamen and pistil
TYPES OF FLOWER
4. neutral flower 中性花： Without stamen and pistil
向日葵外围的射
状小花 (ray
florets)
TYPES OF FLOWER
regular flower 整齐花 : a flower which can be

divided into two equal halves along more than one
longitudinal plane passing through the center of the
flower 用任何通过中心点的线皆能将其分成两等
份的花
TYPES OF FLOWER
Example:
• 大红花 hibiscus
• 牵牛花 morning glory
• 水莲雾 Syzygium samarangense
Capsicum 辣椒
• 夹竹桃 Oleander
• 柑类
• 瓜类
• 榴莲
• 番石榴
hibiscus
TYPES OF FLOWER
Irregular flower 不整齐花 : a flower which can only be
halved along one longitudinal plane passing through the
center of the flower 只能用单一条通过中心点的线将其
分成两等份的花
• 碟豆 Clitoria ，凤仙花 balsam plant ，胡姬
orchid ，凤凰木 flame of forest
Regular Flower and Irregular Flower
Regular flower Irregular flower

POLLINATION 传粉作用
• The transfer of mature pollen grains from anther to
stigma 成熟花粉粒从雄蕊的花药传到雌蕊的柱头
POLLINATION
2 types of pollination:
1. Cross- pollination 异花传粉
• Pollen grains of a flower are transferred to the stigma
of another flower of a different plant 花粉从一棵植物
传到另一棵植物花朵的柱头
POLLINATION
2 types of pollination:
1. Cross- pollination 异花传粉
• Pollen grains of a flower are transferred to the stigma
of another flower of a different plant 花粉从一棵植物
传到另一棵植物花朵的柱头
POLLINATION
Cross- pollination 异花传粉
POLLINATION
2. Self- pollination 自花传粉

• Pollen grains of anthers are transferred to the stigma of
the same flower or another flower of the same plant.
发生在同一朵花（两性花），或同一棵植物上的花
之间。
POLLINATION
Advantages of cross-pollination:
1. Seeds produced give rise to healthy plants
2. Offspring possess characters from both parents
3. New and better varieties can be produced and thus
can have better survival chances
P O L L IN A T IO N
Plants avoid self-pollination in the following ways:

• produce bisexual flower ( 双性花 ), pistils and
stamens are ripen at different time.
• produce bisexual flower, anther ( 花药 ) and stigma
( 柱头 ) are far apart ( 距离遥远 ).
• produce unisexual flowers ( 单性花 ).
AGENTS OF POLLINATION 传粉的媒介
1. Insect-pollinated flower 虫媒花

• normally has bright colour and beautiful flower to
attract insects
• Example: mango, balsam plant, hibiscus
AGENTS OF POLLINATION
2. wind- pollinated flower 风媒花

• Flowers pollinated by wind
• Example: Mimosa pudica 含羞草 , maize, rice,
Imperata 白茅
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Smb5ZbykWQk
3. water- pollinated flower 水媒花

• Flowers pollinated by water
• Example: Vallisneria 鳗草 / 苦草 , Hydrilla
软水草 , Elodea 伊乐藻
WATER-POLLINATED FLOWER
• Some vertebrate pollinators:
Bat-pollinated flower
Bird-pollinated flower:
Hummingbird 蜂鸟
rat-pollinated flower:
Honey possum 蜂蜜负鼠
SEXUAL DECEPTION POLLINATION 性欺骗授粉
orchid
male insects are sexually attracted to the flower by a floral scent that imitates the olfactory
cue or sex pheromone used by the pollinator species to attract a mate. Pollination occurs
when pollinators attempt copulation (or so-called pseudocopulation) with the flower.
COMPARISON OF WIND-POLLINATED FLOWER
AND INSECT-POLLINATED FLOWER
INSECT- POLLINATED WIND- POLLINATED
Large, bright colour, FLOWERS Small, dull-coloured 颜色暗

scented 有气味 attract 淡 , scentless 无气味
insects
Present  attract insects NECTAR 蜜腺 Absent
Large, sticky , heavy, POLLEN GRAINS 花 Small, dry, smooth,
light  easy to be carried by
粉
wind,
May not be pendulous STAMEN 雄蕊 Long, slender filament

不下垂细长花丝
Lie within corolla 在花冠 PISTIL 雌蕊 Protrude outside the corolla

内延伸到花冠外
Small & sticky pollens STRUCTURE OF Feathery 羽状 catch
deposit accurately by STIGMA pollens easily
insects 柱头的构造
FERTILISATION 受精作用
• It means fusion of male
cell with the female cell
(egg) 雄生殖细胞与雌生
殖细胞的结合
• Male gamete (pollen
grains) pollen tube
penetrate stigma 
penetrate wall of ovary 
penetrate embryo sac 胚
囊 fuses with female
gamete (egg in ovule)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8_ScKzL
AfE
FERTILISATION 受精作用
胚乳
胚乳 - 被子植物在双受精过程中精子与极核融合后形成的滋养组织
FERTILISATION
Development of flower into fruit after fertilisation:
• Ovary 子房 fruit 果实
• Ovary wall 子房壁  fruit wall 果皮
• Ovule 胚珠  seed 种子
• Ovule stalk 珠柄 seed stalk 种柄
FERTILISATION
FERTILISATION
Flower Fruit Seed Root Stem Leaf
Structure of seed (external features)

Cotyledon 子叶
（ store food)
Hilum 种脐
(attaches to the fruit wall)
Micropyle 珠孔
(absorb water)
Testa 种皮
(protect seed)
Structure of seed
(longitudinal features)
Hypocotyl 胚轴
Plumule 胚芽 (develop into stem)
(develop into leaves)
Radicle 胚根
(develop into root)
Cotyledon 子叶 Testa 种皮
(store food) （ protect the seed)
Embryo 胚
embryo
endosperm
（ store food)
（ store food)
Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Embryo
Seed Testa
Endosperm (solid)
Classified of seed:
1. Monocotyledon – eg. Corn, coconut
2. Dicotyledon –
(a) endospermous seed 有胚乳种子
eg. Castor seed 蓖麻种子
(b) non-endospermous seed 无胚乳种子
eg. Green bean, broad bean, groundnut
Castor seed 蓖麻种子

TYPES OF GERMINATION 萌发的种类
1. Hypogeal germination 内生萌发

• The cotyledons remain in the ground 当种子萌
芽时，由于胚轴生长缓慢，子叶保留在土面下
• Example: broad bean 豌豆 , maize 玉蜀黍 , vicia
蚕豆 , groundnuts 花生
2. Epigeal germination 外生萌发

• Cotyledons come above the soil 当种子萌芽时，
由于胚轴生长迅速，把子叶托出土面
• Example: castor seed 蓖麻种子 , French bean 四
季豆
Types of germination
Hypogeal germination 内生萌发
Epigeal germination 外生萌发

SEED GERMINATION EXPERIMENTS
• Independent variable is the variable you purposely manipulate
(change)  manipulated variable
• example – the amount of light
• Only one independent variable per experiment: in this experiment you
would keep all the seed in the dark)
• Dependent variable is the variable being observed that changes
in response to the independent variable
• example – seed germination
• Controlled variables are the variables that are not changed
• example – type of soil, type of bean, container, amount of water  all
groups must contain the same factors
EXPERIMENT 1:
Aim 目的：
To study effect of oxygen on seed germination.
Manipulated variable ： presence or absence of

oxygen
Responding variable: germination of seed
constant variable : presence of water
observation :
Seeds in beaker X do not germinate, seeds in
beaker Y germinate
conclusion :
Germination of seed need adequate supply of
oxygen.
EXPERIMENT 2:
Aim 目的 :
To study effect of temperature on seed
germination.
Manipulated variable ： presence of water

Responding variable: germination of seed
Constant variable : temperature
observation :
Seeds A germinate, seeds B do not germinate
conclusion :
Germination of seed need suitable temperature.

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THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Produce pollens Receive pollens

• Calyx 花萼 : the sepals of a flower forms a protective layer

Carpel/ pistil 雌蕊 consist of :

Female flower of papaya male flower of papaya

Female flower male flower

4. neutral flower 中性花 ： Without stamen and pistil

regular flower 整齐花 : a flower which can be

Regular flower Irregular flower

2. Self- pollination 自花传粉

Plants avoid self-pollination in the following ways:

1. Insect-pollinated flower 虫媒花

2. wind- pollinated flower 风媒花

3. water- pollinated flower 水媒花

Large, bright colour, FLOWERS Small, dull-coloured 颜色暗

May not be pendulous STAMEN 雄蕊 Long, slender filament

Lie within corolla 在花冠 PISTIL 雌蕊 Protrude outside the corolla

Structure of seed (external features)

Castor seed 蓖麻种子

1. Hypogeal germination 内生萌发

2. Epigeal germination 外生萌发

Epigeal germination 外生萌发

Manipulated variable ： presence or absence of

Manipulated variable ： presence of water

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4. neutral flower 中性花： Without stamen and pistil