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    Lesson 4

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    Faris Hitomi
    This document discusses common text structures used in writing. It identifies 7 structures: chronological, sequence, cause-effect, problem-solution, compare-contrast, exemplification/classification, and persuasion. For each structure, it provides a definition, example, and brief explanation of how that structure organizes information and can be used.

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    Lesson 4

    Uploaded by

    Faris Hitomi
    19 views19 pages
    This document discusses common text structures used in writing. It identifies 7 structures: chronological, sequence, cause-effect, problem-solution, compare-contrast, exemplification/classification, and persuasion. For each structure, it provides a definition, example, and brief explanation of how that structure organizes information and can be used.

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    LESSON-4

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    This document discusses common text structures used in writing. It identifies 7 structures: chronological, sequence, cause-effect, problem-solution, compare-contrast, exemplification/classification, and persuasion. For each structure, it provides a definition, example, and brief explanation of how that structure organizes information and can be used.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views19 pages

    Lesson 4

    Uploaded by

    Faris Hitomi
    This document discusses common text structures used in writing. It identifies 7 structures: chronological, sequence, cause-effect, problem-solution, compare-contrast, exemplification/classification, and persuasion. For each structure, it provides a definition, example, and brief explanation of how that structure organizes information and can be used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 19

    LESSON 4: TEXT STRUCTURE

    COMMON TEXT STRUCTURES


    What is a text structure?

    A text structure refers to the internal organization of a


    text. According to Meyer (1985), as authors write a text
    a text to communicate an idea, they will use a structure
    that goes along with the idea. A structure means the
    way different components combine to create a well-
    written text.
    1. CHRONOLOGICAL
    It is also known as time order. This structure is organized
    from one point in time to another. Most narratives follow
    this pattern. The elements such as “flashback and
    foreshadowing” are sometimes used in such texts. The
    dominant feature of a chronological text structure is
    “time order.”
    EXAMPLE:

    Topic: The Great Wall of China

    Building the great wall of China goes back to the Qin Dynasty
    period (221_206 BC). During the Ham Dynasty period, the
    new fragments of the wall were added in 206 BC_ 220 AD.
    The Great Wall of China was completed during the Mig
    Dynasty period in 1644.
    The author explain the information of the text based on a chronological
    order. Thus, the succession of the information must be in time order in
    this pattern. For example, if you want to write a composition about “the
    first day of your school”, then you should follow this pattern because you
    want to tell the events in a chronological order.

    Many authors of stories and novels use this type of text structure to
    convey the events and the circumstances of the novels or the stories. It is
    also can be seen in narrative essays. The elements of a narration usually
    come together in a chronological sequence.
    2. SEQUENCE

    Steps described in the order they occur. It does not take place in a
    specific point in time. The focus of this pattern is the procedure or
    phases of a certain result. Sequence or process pattern expresses
    the steps of a certain process or project. The steps are stated in a
    chronological order. Thus, all the phases are explained step by step.
    You should write all the components of an essay in a logical order.
    You can see the words showing the order of the process such as
    “first”, “then”, “second” and so on in this pattern.
    Example:
    Topic: Chocolate Cake Recipe
    You should mix the dry ingredients including flour, sugar,
    cocoa, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and espresso
    powder by a paddle attachment to make a delicious chocolate
    cake. Then, you should add the other ingredients including
    milk, vegetable oil, eggs, and vanilla to the flour mixture. In
    the end, add boiling water to bake the cake for 30-35
    minutes.
    3. Cause-Effect

    This structure shows how one or more causes led to one or


    more effects. Many texts do not include just one cause
    leading to one effect– instead, there may be several causes
    and several effects. This type of text emphasizes the reasons
    and consequences.
    Example:
    Topic: Pneumonia

    Pneumonia is a serious illness affecting the lungs and


    breathing process. The cause of pneumonia are viruses,
    bacteria, and fungi. Also, Streptococcus pneumoniae
    (pneumococcus) is the common cause of pneumonia speed
    in the United States.
    4. Problem-Solution
    The text structure presents a problem, and shows how it can be
    (or has been) solved. The key difference between cause-effect and
    problem-solution is that the latter always present a solution while
    the former does not. The words such as “reason, as a result, so
    that, and consequently” are seen a lot in problem and solution
    structures. The conclusion paragraph of a problem and solution
    structure is often the resolution of the problem. Problem and
    solution text structure can also refer to more than one problem
    and their possible solutions in the situation.
    EXAMPLE:

    It seems like there has been a surge in teen pregnancies these


    days. Teen pregnancies make it very difficult for young
    mothers to pursue their dreams and meet the demands of an
    infant. Fortunately, most teen pregnancies can be easily
    prevented by using birth control; however, even birth control
    is not 100% effective. The most effective way to prevent teen
    pregnancies is abstinence, which is 100% effective.
    5. Compare-Contrast

    This text structure shows how two or more ideas or items are similar
    or different. The text may use a clustered approach, with details about
    one topic followed by the details about the other. It may also show an
    alternating approach, with the author going back between the two
    topics. The keywords of such text type are usually “same as, different
    from, although, whereas, while, like, and in contrast.” Authors usually
    dedicate one paragraph for similarities and the other one for
    differences. The differences and similarities must be written so well
    organized that the reader never gets lost or confuses.
    Example:
    Topic: City Life and Village Life

    The lifestyles of urban and rural people differ in many


    ways. The rural people are exposed to cleaner air and
    water while the urban people spend most of their time in
    traffic and polluted unhealthy air. There are many
    modern buildings in cities where’s villages have more
    natural beautiful attractions.
    6. Exemplification/Classification

    An exemplification paragraph develops a general


    statement--the topic sentence--with one or more specific
    examples. A classification paragraph divides things into
    groups, classes, or categories. It also organizes ideas into
    divisions based on criteria or standards.
    7. Persuasion

    This text structure convinces readers to agree to an


    argument or claim about a particular topic.
    Thank you!

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