Topic for the class: Classification of sources, Power absorbed by

various elements in a circuit, Ohm’s Law, Resistance, Conductance

Unit I : Introduction

B. Durga Prasad
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: dbandaru@gitam.edu
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 1
 19EEE133:Principles of Electrical Engineering GITA
Recap of previous session: M
Deemed to be University
• Concept of energy
• Calculation of energy consumption
• Active and passive elements

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 Session objectives GITA
• To classify various types of sources
Deemed to be University
M
• To Evaluate the power absorbed by various elements in a circuit.
• To Recap Ohm’s law
• To Explain the circuit parameters Resistance and Conductance
• To appraise the concepts of node, branch, path, loop and mesh.
• To state and explain Kirchhoff’s laws

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 3
 Independent Voltage source GITAM
Deemed to be University
• An independent voltage source is two terminal element that maintains a specific
voltage between its terminal.
• The voltage is completely independent of the current through it.
• Sources such as generators and batteries may be regarded as approximations to
ideal voltage sources.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 4
 Independent Current source GITAM
Deemed to be University

• An independent current source is a two terminal element that provides a

specific current independent of voltage across the source.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 5
 Dependent sources GITAM
Deemed to be University

• Dependent sources are designated by diamond shaped symbols.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 6
 Dependent voltage sources GITAM
Deemed to be University

• In a dependent or controlled voltage source, the voltage across the

source terminals is a function of other voltages or currents in the circuit.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 7
 Dependent voltage sources GITAM
Deemed to be University

• A voltage controlled voltage source is a voltage source having a

terminal voltage equal to a constant times the voltage (vx) across a pair
of terminals elsewhere in the network.
• A current controlled voltage source is a voltage source having a terminal
voltage equal to a constant times the current (ix) through some other
element in the circuit.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 8
 Dependent current sources GITAM
Deemed to be University

• The current flowing through a dependent current source is determined

by a current or voltage elsewhere in the circuit.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 9
 Dependent current sources GITAM
Deemed to be University

• A current controlled current source is a current source having the source

current equal to a constant times the current (ix) through some other
element in the circuit.
• A voltage controlled current source is a current source having the source
current equal to a constant times a constant times the voltage (vx) across
a pair of terminals elsewhere in the network.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 10
 Dependent or controlled sources GITAM
Deemed to be University

• Controlled voltage and current sources are useful in constructing circuit

models for many types of real world devices such as transistors,
transformers, electrical machines and electronic amplifiers.
• There are four kinds of controlled sources:
a) Voltage controlled voltage sources (VCVS)
b) Current controlled voltage sources (CCVS)
c) Current controlled current sources (CCCS)
d) Voltage controlled current sources (VCVS)

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 11
 Numerical examples GITAM
Deemed to be University

• Determine the power absorbed by each element for the following

circuit.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 12
 Numerical examples GITAM
Deemed to be University
Solution:
Power absorbed by 20V Source is negative as current
I out of positive terminal of voltage source,
p1 = - (20 x 6)= -120 W
For p2 and p3 current is flowing into the positive terminal of the elements and are positive.
p2 = + (12 x 6) = 72W p3 = +( 8 x 7) =56W
For p4 current is flowing out of positive terminal and hence is negative.
p4 = -(8 x I/6) = -(8 x 6/6) = -8W
We can observe here that p1+ p2+ p3+p4 = -120+72+56-8 = 0
It means total power supplied is equal to total power absorbed.
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 13
 Ohms law GITA
M
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage ‘v’ across an element is directly
proportional to the current ‘i’ flowing through it. i.e. v ∝ i or v=RDeemed
i. to be University
where R is a proportionality constant known as resistance.
• Resistance is the property of the material to restrict the flow of current. It
depends on type of material and its dimensions.
• This property is used in many applications such as heaters, irons, toasters and
electric stoves.
• In the process of flow of electrons through a material, they loose some of
their energy due to the resistive property of materials, resulting in heat
generation.
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 14
 Ohms law GITA
M
Deemed to be University

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 15
 Resistance GITA
M
Deemed to be University

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 16
 Resistance GITA
M
Deemed to be University

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 17
 Resistance GITA
•
•
Resistance of an element, and its units are Ohm or Ω
An element with low resistance is a conductor. Ex. Copper, aluminum, silver etc. Deemed to be University
M
• An element with very high resistance is known as Insulator. Ex. Wood, mica, paper, glass etc.
• An element with R=0 is considered as short circuit.
• An element with R=∞ is considered as open circuit.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 18
 Resistance GITA
M
Deemed to be University

• A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as linear resistor.

• A resistor that does not obey Ohm’s law is known as nonlinear resistor. Ex. Filament in a lamp and diodes

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 19
 Conductance GITA
Mby
• Reciprocal of resistance R is known as conductance and is denoted
Deemed to be University
G.
• The conductance is a measure of how well an element will conduct
current.
• The units of conductance is mho ( ) or Siemens (S).
• Thus, conductance is the ability of an element to conduct current.
• Power dissipated in a resistor can be expressed as

Also
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 20
 Resistance and conductance GITA
M
• Power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of either current
or voltage. Deemed to be University

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 21
 Resistance and conductance GITA
• In each circuit, determine v and i, power dissipated in each resistor.M
Deemed to be University

Answer:
Figure (a), v = 1 x 8 = 8V, p =v2/R = 82/8 = 8 W
Figure (b),

Figure (c),
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 22
 What you have learnt GITAM
Deemed to be University

In today session we have studied about:

• Classification of sources
• Power associated with various elements in a circuit.
• Ohm’s Law
• Resistance and conductance

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 23
 References GITAM
Deemed to be University

• William H. Hayt Jr., Jack E. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis,

8/e, McGraw Hill,2013
• Van Valkenburg M.E, Network Analysis, 3/e, Prentice Hall India,
2014
• Sudhakar and Shyam Mohan ,Network Theory, 2/e, TMH, 2012.
• Schaum's outline series, Basic circuit analysis, McGraw-Hill
Professional, 2012
• A.Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory Analysis & Synthesis, 6/e, Dhanpat Rai
and Company, 2014.
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 24
 GITAM
Deemed to be University

THANK YOU

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 25