EE1308- Electrical Drives and

Control
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL
DRIVES
Basic Elements of E.D
 Advantages of Electrical Drive

• The electric drive has very large range of torque, speed

and power.
• Their working is independent of the environmental
condition.
• The electric drives are free from pollution.
• The electric drives operate on all the quadrants of speed
torque plane.
• The drive can easily be started and it does not require any
refuelling.
• The efficiency of the drives is high because fewer losses
occur on it.
 Disadvantages of Electrical Drive

• The application of the drive is limited because it

cannot use in a place where the power supply is not
available.
• It can cause noise pollution.
• The initial cost of the system is high.
• It has a poor dynamic response.
• The output power obtained from the drive is low.
• During the breakdown of conductors or short circuit,
the system may get damaged due to which several
problems occur.
 Application of Electric Drive

It is used in a large number of industrial and

domestic applications like
• transportation systems
• rolling mills
• paper machines
• textile mills
• machine tools, fans, pumps, robots and
washing, etc.
 Types of Electrical Drive
• Group drive
• Individual Drive
• Multimotor Drive
 Group Drive:
• This is also known as line shaft drive. A big
size motor(main motor)drives a common
shaft.
• If several group of mechanisms or machines
are organized on one shaft and driven by one
motor, the system is called a group drive or
shaft drive.
Individual Drive:
Multi motor Drive:
 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Steady State Operating conditions requirements:
• Nature of speed torque characteristics
• speed regulation
• speed range
• efficiency
• duty cycle
• quadrants of operation
• speed fluctuations if any, ratings etc
Transient operation requirements:
• Values of acceleration and deceleration, starting,
braking and reversing performance.
Requirements related to the source:
• Types of source and its capacity
• magnitude of voltage
• Voltage fluctuations
• power factor
• harmonics and their effect on other loads, ability to
accept regenerative power
• Capital and running cost
• maintenance needs life.
• Space and weight restriction if any.
• Environment and location.
• Reliability
• Nature of the drive
Nature of load
• Whether the load requires light or heavy
starting torque
• Whether load torque increases with speed
remain constant
• Whether the load has heavy inertia which may
require longer straight time
 Loading conditions in Motor
The load requirements are in either of
• Speed control
• Torque control
Depending upon the load requirements
the motor has to be chosen.
Classification of loads or load
characteristics
(Ex-hoists, pumping of water or gas
against constant pressure) (Ex- motor driving a DC generator connected to
a fixed resistance load [generator field value is
kept constant])
(Ex- fans, centrifugal ,pumps, propellers)

(Ex-milling and boring, machines)

 Different type of industrial loads
There are three types of industrial loads under
which electric motors are required to work.
they are
• Continuous load
• Intermittent load
• Variable or fluctuating load
Continuous load
• Load is continuous in nature
• Ex- Pumps or fans require a constant power
input to keep them operating.
Intermittent load
• This type classified in to two types
• Motor loaded for short time and then shunt off for sufficiently
longer duration temperature is brought to the room temperature
• Eg: kitchen mixie.
• The electrical loss is more due to constant ON/OFF delay period
• Moor loaded for short time and shunt off for short time .
• Here the motor cannot be cooled down to the room temperature
comparison of the two methods it can be Inferred.
• The temperature level of motor is not brought to the room
temperature.
 CLASSES OF MOTOR DUTY
various load time variations encountered into eight classes
as
• (i) continuous duty
• (ii) short time duty
• (iii) intermittent periodic duty
• (iv) intermittent periodic duty with starting
• (v) intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
• (vi) continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
• (vii) continuous duty with starting & braking
• (viii) Continuous duty with periodic speed changes.
 Continuous duty:

• This type drive is operated continuously for a

duration which is long enough to reach its
steady state value of temperature.
• This duty is characterized by constant motor
torque and constant motor loss operation.
Depicted in fig.1 (a) & (b).
• This type of duty can be accomplished by
single phase/ three phase induction motors
and DC shunt motors.
Examples: Paper mill drives , Compressors Conveyors, Centrifugal
pumps and Fans
 Short time duty:

• In this type drive operation, Time of operation is less

than heating time constant and motor is allowed to
cool off to room temperature before it is operated
again.
• Here the motor can be overloaded until the motor
temperature reaches its permissible limit.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by single
phase/ three phase induction motors and DC shunt
motors, DC series motors, universal motors.
Examples: Crane drives , Drives for house hold appliances Turning bridges
Sluice gate drives Valve drives and Machine tool drives.
 Intermittent periodic duty:

• In this type drive operation, It consists of a different periods of

duty cycles
• I.e. a period of rest and a period of running, a period of
starting, a period of braking.
• Both a running period is not enough to reach its steady state
temperature and a rest period is not enough to cool off the
machine to ambient temperature.
• In this type drive operation, heating due to starting and
braking is negligible.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three
phase induction motors and DC shunt motors, universal
motors.
• Examples: Pressing Cutting Drilling machine
drives.
 Intermittent periodic duty with starting:

• This is intermittent periodic duty where heating

• Due to starting can,t be ignored.
• It consists of a starting period; a running period, a
braking period & a rest period are being too short to
reach their steady state value.
• In this type of drive operation, heating due to braking
is negligible.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by three phase
induction motors and DC series motors, DC compound
motors, universal motors.
Examples: Metal cutting, Drilling tool drives, Drives for forklift trucks, Mine
hoist etc.
 Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking:

This is an intermittent periodic duty where heating

during starting & braking can’t be ignored.
• It consists of a starting period, a running period; a
braking period & a rest period are being too short
to reach their steady state temperature value.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by single
phase/ three phase induction motors and DC shunt
motors, DC series motors, DC compound motors,
universal motors.
Examples Drives for electric suburban trains and Mine hoist
 Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading:

• This type of drive operation consists a period of running at

constant load and a period of running at no load with
normal voltage to the excitation winding in separately
excited machines.
• Again the load and no load periods are not enough to
reach their respective temperature limits.
• This duty is distinguished from intermittent periodic duty
by running at no load instead of rest period.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/
three phase induction motors and DC compound motors,
universal motors.
• Examples: Pressing Cutting Shearing and
Drilling machine drives.
Continuous duty with starting & braking

• It consists a period of starting, a period of

running & a period of electrical braking.
• Here period of rest is negligible.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by
single phase/ three phase induction motors.
• Examples: The main drive of a blooming mill.
Continuous duty with periodic speed changes:

• It consists a period of running in a load with a

particular speed and a period of running at different
load with different speed which are not enough to
reach their respective steady state temperatures.
• Further here is no period of rest.
• This type of duty can be accomplished by single
phase/ three phase induction motors and DC series
motor in traction.

• Examples: All variable speed drives.

 SELECTION OF POWER RATING OF MOTORS
WITH REGARDS THERMAL OVERLOADING

From the point of view of motor rating for

various duty cycles can be broadly classified
as:
 Continuous duty and constant load
 Continuous duty and variable load
 Short time rating
Continuous duty and constant load
• Continuous duty and variable load
Methods used The four commonly used
methods are:
•  Methods of average losses
•  Equivalent current method
•  Equivalent torque method
•  Equivalent power method
• Methods of average losses
 What is a Battery?

• A Battery is a chemical device that stores electrical

energy in the form of chemicals and by means of
electrochemical reaction, it converts the stored
chemical energy into direct current (DC) electric
energy.
• Alessandro Volta, an Italian Physicist, invented the
first battery in 1800.
• The electrochemical reaction in a battery involves
transfer of electrons from one material to another
(called electrodes) through an electric current.
• There are two types of electrodes called the Anode
and the Cathode.
• The Anode is the negative electrode. It loses electrons
to the external circuit and in the electrochemical
reaction, it gets oxidized.
• Cathode on the other hand, is the positive electrode.
It accepts electrons from the external circuit and in
the electrochemical reaction, it gets reduced.
• Hence, the energy conversion in a battery is due to
electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction
• The third important component of a cell is the
electrolyte.
• An electrolyte acts as medium for transfer of
charge in the form of ions between the two
electrodes.
• Hence, the electrolyte is sometime referred to
as Ionic Conductor. An important point to be
noted here that the electrolyte is not electrically
conductive but just have ionic conductivity.
• A battery often consists of one or more “cells”
that are electrically connected in either a
series or parallel configuration to provide the
necessary voltage and current levels.
 Different Types of Batteries

Basically, all the electrochemical cells and

batteries are classified into two types:
• Primary (non-rechargeable) -they cannot be
recharged electrically
• Secondary (rechargeable) they can be
recharged electrically.
 Primary Batteries

• A Primary Battery is one of the simple and convenient sources

of power for several portable electronic and electrical devices
like lights, cameras, watches, toys, radios etc.
• As they cannot be recharged electrically, they are of “use it and
when discharged, discard it” type.
• Usually, primary batteries are inexpensive, light weight, small
and very convenient to use with relatively no or less
maintenance.
• Majority of the primary batteries that are used in domestic
applications are single cell type and usually come in cylindrical
configuration (although, it is very easy to produce them in
different shapes and sizes).
 Secondary Batteries:

• Secondary batteries are also called as

rechargeable batteries.
• These batteries can be used and recharges
simultaneously.
• Lead – Acid Batteries
• Nickel – Cadmium Batteries
• Lithium – Ion Batteries
 Lead Acid Battery

In a lead-acid battery, two types of lead are acted upon electro-chemically by an

electrolytic solution of diluted sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The positive plate consists of
lead peroxide (PbO2), an d the negative plate is sponge lead (Pb)
• When a lead-acid battery is discharged, the
electrolyte divides into H2 and SO4 combine with
some of the oxygen that is formed on the
positive plate to produce water (H2O), and
thereby reduces the amount of acid in the
electrolyte.
• The sulphate (SO4) combines with the lead (Pb)
of both plates, forming lead sulphate (PbSO4), as
shown in Equation.
• As a lead-acid battery is charged in the reverse
direction, the action described in the discharge is
reversed. The lead sulphate (PbSO4) is driven out
and back into the electrolyte (H2SO4).
• The return of acid to the electrolyte will reduce
the sulphate in the plates and increase the
specific gravity. This will continue to happen until
all of the acid is driven from the plates and back
into the electrolyte, as shown in below Equation
• The electrolyte in a lead-acid battery plays a direct
role in the chemical reaction.
• The specific gravity decreases as the battery
discharges and increases to its normal, original
value as it is charged.
• Since specific gravity of a lead-acid battery
decreases proportionally during discharge, the
value of specific gravity at any given time is an
approximate indication of the battery’s state of
charge.
 Nickel –cadmium battery
• A nickel-cadmium cell has two plates. The
active material of the positive plate (anode) is
Ni(OH)4 and the negative plate (cathode) is of
cadmium (Cd) when fully charged.
• The electrolyte is a solution of potassium
hydroxide (KOH) with a small addition of
lithium hydrate which increases the capacity
and life of the battery.
• The specific gravity of the electrolyte is 1.2.
 Lithium-ion Battery

• The positive electrode is typically made from a

chemical compound called lithium-cobalt
oxide (LiCoO2) or lithium iron phosphate
(LiFePO4).
• The negative electrode is generally made
from carbon (graphite).
• The electrolyte varies from one type of battery
to another.
• The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions
from the anode to the cathode
• The movement of the lithium ions creates free
electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the
positive current collector.
• The electrical current then flows from the current
collector through a device being powered (cell phone,
computer, etc.) to the negative current collector.
• The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the
battery.
• While the battery is discharging and providing
an electric current, the anode releases lithium
ions to the cathode, generating a flow of
electrons from one side to the other.
• When plugging in the device, the opposite
reaction happens, the cathode releases
lithium ions and anode receives them. This is
how the Lithium-ion battery works.