Topology Omkar Ghodke

Computer Networking
The Computer Networking
A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A SYSTEM THAT CONNECTS TWO OR

MORE COMPUTING DEVICES FOR TRANSMITTING AND SHARING
INFORMATION. COMPUTING DEVICES INCLUDE EVERYTHING FROM A
MOBILE PHONE TO A SERVER. THESE DEVICES ARE CONNECTED
USING PHYSICAL WIRES SUCH AS FIBER OPTICS, BUT THEY CAN ALSO
BE WIRELESS.
The Network Diagram
 Advantages of Network :-
 Resource Sharing: Resource Sharing is one of the important applications of Computer
Networking. You can share a single software among Multiple users. We can also
share Hardware Devices via this technique.
 Communication: Communication Medium means various ways through which we

can communicate like Email Calls, broadcasts, etc.
 Home Applications: Home Applications are an important application of Computer

Networking. Examples are User-to-User Communication, Entertainment, E-
Commerce, etc.
 Business Applications: Business Application is also an important application of

Computer Networking. Almost all companies are doing business online with the help
of Computer Networking.
The Networking Device[ Nodes]
REPEATER
1. Repeater – A repeater operates at the physical
layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the
same network before the signal becomes too weak
or corrupted to extend the length to which the
signal can be transmitted over the same network.
An important point to be noted about repeaters is
that they not only amplify the signal but also
regenerate it. When the signal becomes weak, they
copy it bit by bit and regenerate it at its star
topology connectors connecting following the
original strength. It is a 2-port device.
HUB
Hub – A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A
hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star
topology which connects different stations. Hubs
cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices. In other words, the collision
domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains
one. Also, they do not have the intelligence to find
out the best path for data packets which leads to
inefficiencies and wastage.
BRIDGES
A network bridge is a computer
networking device that creates a single,
aggregate network from multiple
communication networks or network
segments. This function is called
network bridging.[1] Bridging is
distinct from routing. Routing allows
multiple networks to communicate
independently and yet remain separate,
whereas bridging connects two separate
networks as if they were a single
network.
SWITCHES
A network switch is defined

as a hardware component
responsible for relaying data
from a computer network to
the destination endpoint
through packet switching,
MAC address identification,
and a multiport bridge
system
ROUTER
A router is a device that connects two or more
packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It
serves two primary functions: managing traffic
between these networks by forwarding data
packets to their intended IP addresses, and
allowing multiple devices to use the same
Internet connection.
There are several types of routers, but most
routers pass data between LANs (local area
networks) and WANs (wide area networks). A
LAN is a group of connected devices restricted
to a specific geographic area. A LAN usually
requires a single router.
GATEWAY
A gateway is a network node used in
telecommunications that connects two networks
with different transmission protocols together.
Gateways serve as an entry and exit point for a
network as all data must pass through or
communicate with the gateway prior to being
routed. In most IP-based networks, the only traffic
that does not go through at least one gateway is
traffic flowing among nodes on the same local area
network (LAN) segment. The term default gateway
or network gateway may also be used to describe
the same concept.
TYPES OF NETWORKING TOPOLOGIES
1. STAR TOPOLOGY
 Advantages:-
1. Easy to install and reconfigure.
2. Robustness if one link falls ; only that link
is affected. All other link remain active
 Disadvantages:-
1. The device are not linked to each other.
2. If one device want to send data to
another , it sends to controller , which
then relays the data to other connected
device.
2. Mesh Topology
 Advantages:-
1. It is robust ; if one link become
unusable ;it does not affect the entire
system.
2. The use of dedicated link gurantees link
that each connection carry its data load,
the eliminating the traffic problem that
can occur share by multiple device.
 Disadvantages :-
1. A large amount of cabling
required.
2. A large amount of I/O ports
required.
3. RING TOPOLOGY
 Advantages:-
1. Avoids the collisons that are possible in
the bus topology.
2. Each pair of stations has a point- to-
point connections.
1. A break in the ring can disable
the entire network.
2. Undirectional traffic.
4. TREE TOPOLOGY
 Advantages :-
1. Easier detection of error
2. Failure of solo node will not
disturb to other node.
1. Difficult in maintainance.
2. Difficult to install tree topology
network.
 Advantages :-
5. BUS TOPOLOGY
1. There is no central controller.
2. Control resides in each
stations.
3. The less connecting wire is
required.
 Disadvantages:-
1. It is possible more than
one station may attempt
transmission
simultaneously.
2. Difficult to
reconfiguration and fault
isolation.

Topology Omkar Ghodke

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Computer Networking

The Computer Networking

A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A SYSTEM THAT CONNECTS TWO OR

 Communication: Communication Medium means various ways through which we

 Home Applications: Home Applications are an important application of Computer

 Business Applications: Business Application is also an important application of

A network switch is defined

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