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    Endocrine System

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    Raazia Haseeb
    The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their functions. It describes that the endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other glands. Glands like the adrenals and thyroid produce hormones that regulate metabolism and response to stress. The gonads and sex hormones influence sexual development and behaviors. Other glands such as the pancreas and parathyroids regulate blood sugar and ion levels respectively. The pineal gland influences biological rhythms and mood through its secretion of melatonin.

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    Endocrine System

    Uploaded by

    Raazia Haseeb
    29 views10 pages
    The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their functions. It describes that the endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other glands. Glands like the adrenals and thyroid produce hormones that regulate metabolism and response to stress. The gonads and sex hormones influence sexual development and behaviors. Other glands such as the pancreas and parathyroids regulate blood sugar and ion levels respectively. The pineal gland influences biological rhythms and mood through its secretion of melatonin.

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    The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their functions. It describes that the endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other glands. Glands like the adrenals and thyroid produce hormones that regulate metabolism and response to stress. The gonads and sex hormones influence sexual development and behaviors. Other glands such as the pancreas and parathyroids regulate blood sugar and ion levels respectively. The pineal gland influences biological rhythms and mood through its secretion of melatonin.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    29 views10 pages

    Endocrine System

    Uploaded by

    Raazia Haseeb
    The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their functions. It describes that the endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other glands. Glands like the adrenals and thyroid produce hormones that regulate metabolism and response to stress. The gonads and sex hormones influence sexual development and behaviors. Other glands such as the pancreas and parathyroids regulate blood sugar and ion levels respectively. The pineal gland influences biological rhythms and mood through its secretion of melatonin.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

    Schools of psychology- BS 1/BBA/IR


    Endocrine System: Chemical
    Messengers of the Body

     The system of glands that secretes hormones

     the endocrine system—plays an important role in communication and the regulation of bodily processes

     This system consists of a number of glands that secrete two kinds of chemical messengers:

    1. Neuropeptides. Many endocrine glands secrete neuropeptides into the bloodstream. When these

    neuropeptides reach other endocrine glands, they influence their functions. Thus, neuropeptides allow the

    endocrine glands to communicate with one another.

     Hormones. The endocrine glands also secrete hormones into the bloodstream, through which they are carried

    throughout the body and influence many organ systems, including the brain
    Pituitary Gland

     The pituitary gland is located near the hypothalamus, which directly controls its functioning.

     The pituitary is sometimes thought of as the body’s master gland, because its secretions help regulate the

    activity of the other endocrine glands.

     Perhaps its most important function is regulating the body’s reactions to stress and resistance to disease.

     The pituitary gland secretes hormones that control blood pressure, thirst, and body growth.

     Too little or too much of the pituitary’s growth hormone make a person develop into a “dwarf ” or a “giant.”
    Adrenal Glands

     The pair of adrenal glands sits atop the two kidneys.

     They play an important role in emotional arousal and secrete hormones important to metabolism.

     When stimulated either by a hormone from the pituitary gland or by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous

    system, the adrenal glands secrete three hormones that are important in our reactions to stress.

     1. Epinephrine

     2. norepinephrine The effects of these two adrenal hormones are quite similar, but they operate differently. For

    example, at times of stress, epinephrine increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate and blood flow. Norepinephrine

    also increases blood pressure but does so by constricting the diameter of blood vessels in the body’s muscles and by

    reducing the activity of the digestive system

    3. Cortsiol. which also activates the body’s response to stress and also p[lays role in immunity to diseases.
    Islets of Langerhans

     The islets of Langerhans, which are embedded in the pancreas, regulate the level of sugar in

    the blood by secreting two hormones that have opposing actions.

     1. Glucagon causes the liver to convert its stored sugar into blood sugar and to dump it into the

    bloodstream.

     2. Insulin, in contrast, reduces the amount of blood sugar by helping the body’s cells absorb

    sugar in the form of fat.

     Blood sugar level is important psychologically, because it’s one of the factors in the hunger

    motive, and it helps determine how energetic a person feels.


    Gonads

     There are two sex glands—the ovaries in females, the testes in males.

     The gonads produce the sex cells—ova in females, sperm in males.

     They also contribute to the development of so-called secondary sex characteristics (for example,

    growth of chest hair in men, deepening of the voice in males at adolescence).

     The most important sex hormones are estrogen in females and testosterone in males. Testosterone

    influences the tendency to be socially dominant in both sexes (Newman & Josephs, 2009).

     There is emerging evidence that sex hormones play a role in guiding the development of the brain and

    changes in social behavior during adolescence


    Thyroid Gland

     The thyroid gland, located just below the larynx, or voice box, plays an important

    role in the regulation of metabolism.

     It does so by secreting a hormone called thyroxin. The level of thyroxin in a person’s bloodstream and

    the resulting metabolic rate are important in many ways.

     In children, proper functioning of the thyroid is necessary for proper mental development. A serious

    thyroid deficiency in childhood produces sluggishness, poor muscle tone, and a rare type of mental

    retardation called cretinism.

     In adults, people with low thyroxin levels tend to be inactive and overweight
    Parathyroid Glands

     The four small glands embedded in the thyroid gland are the parathyroid glands.

     They secrete parathormone, which is important in the functioning of the nervous

    system.

     Parathormone controls the excitability of the nervous system by regulating ion

    levels in the neurons.

     Too much parathormone inhibits nervous activity and leads to lethargy; too little of it may lead to

    excessive nervous activity and tension.


    Pineal Gland

     The pineal gland is located between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the top of the thalamus. Its primary

    secretion is melatonin.

     Melatonin is important in the regulation of biological rhythms, including daily regulation of sleep and wakefulness.

     Melatonin levels seem to be affected by the amount of exposure to sunlight and, hence, “clock” the time of day

    partly in that fashion.

     Melatonin also appears to play a role in regulating moods. Seasonal affective disorder, a type of depression that

    occurs most frequently in the winter months, is thought to occur because of the influence of the light on melatonin.
    THANKS FOR LISTENING
    ANY QUESTIONS??

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