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    Lecture3-Basic Operations On Signals

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    Subhanullah
    1) The basic operations performed on signals are time shifting, time scaling, and time inversion. Time shifting involves replacing t with t-T, where T is the time shift. Time scaling replaces t with at, where a is the scaling factor. Time inversion replaces t with -t, inverting the signal about the vertical axis. 2) Time shifting a signal x(t) by T seconds results in x(t-T) if T is positive (delay) or x(t+T) if T is negative (advance). 3) Time scaling a signal f(t) by a factor a < 1 compresses the signal as f(at), while a factor a > 1 expands

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    Lecture3-Basic Operations On Signals

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    Subhanullah
    17 views18 pages
    1) The basic operations performed on signals are time shifting, time scaling, and time inversion. Time shifting involves replacing t with t-T, where T is the time shift. Time scaling replaces t with at, where a is the scaling factor. Time inversion replaces t with -t, inverting the signal about the vertical axis. 2) Time shifting a signal x(t) by T seconds results in x(t-T) if T is positive (delay) or x(t+T) if T is negative (advance). 3) Time scaling a signal f(t) by a factor a < 1 compresses the signal as f(at), while a factor a > 1 expands

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    1) The basic operations performed on signals are time shifting, time scaling, and time inversion. Time shifting involves replacing t with t-T, where T is the time shift. Time scaling replaces t with at, where a is the scaling factor. Time inversion replaces t with -t, inverting the signal about the vertical axis. 2) Time shifting a signal x(t) by T seconds results in x(t-T) if T is positive (delay) or x(t+T) if T is negative (advance). 3) Time scaling a signal f(t) by a factor a < 1 compresses the signal as f(at), while a factor a > 1 expands

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    17 views18 pages

    Lecture3-Basic Operations On Signals

    Uploaded by

    Subhanullah
    1) The basic operations performed on signals are time shifting, time scaling, and time inversion. Time shifting involves replacing t with t-T, where T is the time shift. Time scaling replaces t with at, where a is the scaling factor. Time inversion replaces t with -t, inverting the signal about the vertical axis. 2) Time shifting a signal x(t) by T seconds results in x(t-T) if T is positive (delay) or x(t+T) if T is negative (advance). 3) Time scaling a signal f(t) by a factor a < 1 compresses the signal as f(at), while a factor a > 1 expands

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    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On 1

    Signals

    Department of Biomedical Engineering


    Signals and Systems
    LECTURE #3:
    BASIC OPERATIONS ON
    SIGNALS
    In this lecture you will learn about
    1. Shifting Operation
    2. Scaling Operation
    3. Inversion Operation

    Prepared by: Irshad Ahmed Hashimzai, References: B.P. Lathi, “Signal Processing and
    Linear Systems”, Berkeley Cambridge Press
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 2

    Introduction to Signal Operations


    • The basic operations performed on the signals are:
    a) Shifting
    b) Scaling
    c) Inversion
    • Since the independent variable in our signal description is time, these operations
    are
    discussed as:
    a) Time Shifting
    b) Time Scaling
    c) Time Inversion
    • However, this discussion is valid for functions having independent variables
    other than time (e. g., frequency or distance).
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 3

    Time Shifting
    • Consider a signal x(t) shown in figure
    (a) and the same signal delayed by T
    seconds in figure (b), which we shall
    denote by φ(t).
    • Whatever happens in x(t) at some
    instant t also happens in φ(t) T seconds
    later at the instant t + T.
    • Therefore,

    Φa(t)= x(t+T)
    φd(t) = x(t - T)
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 4

    Time Shifting
    • Therefore, to time-shift a signal by T, we
    replace t with t – T.
    • Thus x(t - T) represents x(t) time-
    shifted by T seconds.
    • If T is positive, the shift is to the right
    (delay). If T is negative, the shift is to
    the left (advance).
    • Thus, x(t - 2) is x(t) delayed (right-
    shifted) by 2 seconds, and x(t + 2) is
    x(t) advanced (left-shifted) by 2
    seconds.
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 5

    Time Shifting:
    Example
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 6

    Time Shifting:
    Example
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 7

    Time Shifting:
    Example
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 8

    Time Shifting:
    Exercise
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 9

    Time Scaling:
    • The compression or expansion of a
    signal in time is known as time
    scaling.
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 10

    Time Scaling
    Observe that because f(t) = 0 at t = T1 and t
    = T2, we must have φ(t) = 0 at t = T1/2 and
    T2/2 as shown in figure (b).
    • If f(t) were recorded on a tape and

    played back at twice the normal


    recording speed, we would obtain f(2t).
    • In general, if f(t) is compressed in time

    by a factor a (a < 1), the resulting signal


    φ(t) is given by
    φ(t) = f(at)
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 11

    Time Scaling: Time Expansion


    • Using a similar argument, we can show that
    f(t) expanded (slowed down) in time by a
    factor a (a >1) is given by
    φ(t) = f(t/a)
    • Figure (c) shows f(t/2), which is f(t) expanded
    in time by a factor of 2. Observe that in time
    scaling operation, the origin t = 0 is the
    anchor point, which remains unchanged
    under scaling operation because at t = 0, f(t)
    = f(at) = f(0).
    • In summary, to time-scale a signal by a factor
    a, we replace t with at. If a > 1, the scaling
    results in compression, and if a < 1, the
    scaling results in expansion.
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 12

    Time Scaling:
    Example
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 13

    Time Scaling: Time Compression


    Example
    • Figure (b) shows 𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , which is
    f(t) time-compressed by factor 3;
    consequently, it can be described
    mathematically as f(3t).
    2 − 1.5 ≤ 3𝑡 < 0 𝑜𝑟 − 0.5 ≤ 𝑡 < 0
    𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑐0𝑡≤ 3𝑡 < 3 𝑜𝑟 0≤𝑡 <1
    = ቐ2𝑒−3𝑡/2
    𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
    0 = f 3t

    • Observe that the instant t = -1.5 and 3


    in f(t) corresponding to the instant t = -
    0.5, and 1 in the compressed signal
    f(3t)
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 14

    Time Scaling: Time Expansion


    Example
    • Figure (c) shows 𝑓𝑒 𝑡 , which is f(t)
    time-expanded by factor 2; consequently,
    it can be described mathematically as
    f(t/2), which is obtained by replacing t
    with t/2 in f(t). Thus

    • Observe that the instants t = -1.5 and 3 in f(t) correspond to the instants t = -3 and
    6
    in the expanded signal f(t/2)
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 16

    Time Inversion (Reversal)


    • Consider the signal f(t) shown in figure (a).
    We can view f(t) as a rigid wire frame
    hinged at the vertical axis.
    • To time-invert f(t), we rotate this frame 180
    degree about the vertical axis.
    • This time inversion or folding [the
    reflection of f(t) about the vertical axis]
    gives us the signal φ(t) shown in figure (b).
    • Observe that whatever happens in figure (a)
    at some instant t also happens in figure (b)
    at the instant –t.
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 17

    Time Inversion (Reversal)


    • Therefore, to time-invert a signal we
    replace t with –t. Thus, the time inversion
    of signal f(t) yields f(-t).
    • Consequently, the mirror image of f(t) about
    the vertical axis is f(-t).
    • Recall also that the mirror image of
    f(t) about the horizontal axis is –f(t).
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 18

    Time Inversion:
    Example
    Signals and Systems: Basic Operations On Signals 19

    Time Inversion:
    Example

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