METAL AND NON METAL

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES

BY KENISHA CLASS 10
 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES

Elements can be classified as

metals and non-metals.
Metal
• Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile
and are good conductors of heat and
electricity.
• They are solids at room temperature,

: except mercury which is a liquid.

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 Metals are solids. (except Mercury)

 Metals are hard. (except

Lithium, Potassium, Sodium)
 Metals have metallic lustre.
(shine)

 Metals are malleable. (can be

beaten into thin sheets)
 Metals are ductile. (can be drawn into long wires)

 Metals have high melting points. (Gallium and

Caesium have low melting points. They melt in
the palm of the hand)
 Metals are good conductors of
heat. (Best conductors are Silver
and Copper. Poor conductors are
Lead and Mercury)

 Metals are good conductors of

electricity. (Best conductors are
Silver and Copper)

 Metals are sonorous. (produce

sound when beaten)
 The electric wires that carry
current in our homes have a
covering of as Poly Vinyl Chloride
plastic such
(PVC).

 Polyvinyl chloride is an
insulator. It does not allow electric
current to pass through it.

 The electric wires have a covering

of an insulating material (like PVC)
around them so that even if we
happen to touch them, the current
will not pass through our body and
hence we will not get an electric
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shock
Non-
• Non-metals have properties opposite
• to thatare
They
ductile.of neither
metals. malleable nor

Metal : • They are bad conductors of heat and

electricity, except for graphite, which

conducts electricity

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 Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. (Solids – Carbon,

Sulphur, Phosphorus etc. Liquid – Bromine, Gases – Oxygen,

Hydrogen, Nitrogen etc.)

 Non metals are soft. (except Diamond which is the hardest

natural substance)

 Non metals do not have lustre. (except Iodine)

 Non metals are not malleable.

 Non metals are not ductile.

 Non metals have low melting points and low boiling points.

 Non metals are bad conductors of heat.

 Non metals are bad conductors of electricity. (except

Graphite)

 Non metals are not sonorous

 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES

Metals and non-metals show

different chemical properties
1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (of
Air)
What happens when Metals are burnt in Air?

 Magnesium
burns in air
with a
dazzling
white flame

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 Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal
oxides. Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

 For example,
 When copper is heated in air, it combines with oxygen
to form copper(II) oxide, a black oxide.
2Cu • O2 → 2CuO
(Copper) (Copper(II) oxide)

 Similarly, aluminium forms aluminium

oxide. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
→ (Aluminium oxide)
1
(Aluminium)
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 How copper oxide reacts
with hydrochloric acid.

We have learnt that metal 1oxides are basic in nature

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 Amphoteric
•
Oxides
Some metal oxides, such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide show
both acidic as well as basic behaviour.
• Such metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases
to
produce salts and water are known amphoteric oxides.
as
• Aluminium oxide reacts in the following manner with acids
and
bases – Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + → 2NaAlO2 +
2NaOH H2 O
(Sodium aluminate)
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• Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some

of these dissolve in water to form alkalis. Sodium

oxide and potassium oxide dissolve in water to
produce alkalis as follows –
Na2O(s) + H2O (l) →
2NaOH(aq) K2O(s) + H2O (l)
→ 2KOH
All metals do not react with oxygen at the same rate.
Different metals show different(aq)
reactivities towards oxygen.
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 Metals such as
potassium and sodium
react so vigorously that
they catch fire if kept in
the open.
 Hence, to protect them
and to prevent accidental
fires, they are kept
immersed in kerosene oil.
 At ordinary temperature, the surfaces of metals
such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead, etc., are
covered with a thin layer of oxide.
 The protective oxide layer prevents the metal
from
further oxidation.
 Iron does not burn on heating iron filings burn
but
vigorously when sprinkled in the flame of the
burner.
 Copper does not burn, but the hot metal is
coated with a black coloured layer of copper(II)
oxide.
 Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even at high temperatures.
2. Reaction of Metals with
Water
 Metals react with water and produce a metal
oxide and hydrogen gas.
 Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it
to further form metal hydroxide.
 But all metals do not react with water.

Metal + Water → Metal oxide +

Hydrogen
Metal oxide +
Water → Metal hydroxide
 Metals like potassium
and sodium react
violently with cold water.

 In case of sodium and

potassium, the reaction
is
so violent and exothermic
that the evolved
hydrogen immediately
catches fire.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + 2 (g) + heat
H energy
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + 2 (g) + heat
H energy
 The reaction of calcium with water is less violent.
 The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen
to
catch fire.
Ca(s) + 2O(l) → 2 (aq) + 2 (g)
2H Ca(OH) H
 Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of
hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.
 Magnesium does not react with cold water. It reacts with hot
water to form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen.
 It also starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking
to its surface.
 Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc do not react either with cold or
hot water. But they react with steam to form the metal oxide
and
hydrogen.
2Al(s) + 2O(g) → 2O3 (s) + 2 (g)
3H Al 3H
3Fe(s) + 2O(g) → 3O4 (s) + 2 (g)
4H Fe 4H
 Metals such as lead, copper, silver and do not react with
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gold water
at
3. Reaction of Metals with
Acids
 Metals usually displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
 Only the less reactive metals like copper, silver and
gold
do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
 When a metal reacts with a dilute acid, then a metal
salt and hydrogen gas are formed :
Metal + Dilute acid → Salt +
Hydrogen
 All the metals, however, do not react with dilute
acids.
 Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts
with nitric acid.
 It is HN 3 is a strong oxidising
because O agent.
 It oxidises the H2 produced to water and itself gets
reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO,
NO2 ).
 But magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react with
very dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas.
 The rate of formation of bubbles was the fastest in the
case of magnesium. The reaction was also the most
exothermic in this case.
 The reactivity decreases in the order Mg > Al > Zn > Fe.
 In the case of copper, no bubbles were seen and the
temperature also remained unchanged. This shows
that copper does not react with dilute HCl.
4. Reaction of Metals with Solutions
of other Metal Salts?
 Reactive metals
can displace less
reactive metals
from their
compounds in
solution or
molten form.
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 All metals are not equally reactive. We checked the reactivity
of various metals with oxygen, water and acids.
 But all metals do not react with these reagents.
 So we were not able to put all the metal samples we had
collected in
decreasing order of their reactivity.
 Displacement reactions studied in Chapter 1 give better
evidence
about the reactivity of metals.
 It is simple and easy if metal A displaces metal B from its solution, it
Metal
is more A + Saltthan
reactive solution
B of B → Salt solution of A + Metal
B 3
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5.The Reactivity
Series
 The reactivity series is a list of
metals arranged in the order
of their decreasing activities.
 After performing displacement
experiments the following
series, known as the reactivity
or
activity series has
been developed.