Lecture 2 Part 2

Lecture 2: part 2
Forces on Immersed Bodies: Buoyancy

and floatation. Equilibrium of floating and
submerged bodies.
Eng. Selestian
1
Buoyancy and Floatation
When a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it is subjected
to an upward force which tends to lift (buoy)it up.
The tendency of immersed body to be lifted up in the fluid due to

an upward force opposite to action of gravity is known as
buoyancy.
The force tending to lift up the body under such conditions is known
as buoyant force or force of buoyancy or up-thrust.
The magnitude of the buoyant force can be determined by

Archimedes’ principle which states
“ When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly or partially,

it is buoyed or lifted up by a force which is equal to the weight
2 of fluid
displaced by the body”
Lets consider a body W ater
submerged in water as F1 surface
h1
shown in figure. P1  1
h
The force of buoyancy
“resultant upward force h2
or thrust exerted by
fluid on submerged
body” is given P   h  h
FB  F2  1 1
FB   h1  h2 dA   1h
F 2 2
F2
dA  2h
F
B
dA=Area of cross-section
FdA 
B
of element
3 volume 
γ= Specific weight of liquid
FB
  volume  =W eight of volume of liquid
the body (Archimedes's Principle)
displaced by
Force of buoyancy can also be determined as

difference of weight of a body in air and in liquid.
Let
Wa= weight of body in air
W l=weight of body in liquid
FB=Wa-Wl
4
Center of Buoyancy (B): The point of application
of the force of buoyancy on the body is known
as the center of buoyancy.
It is always the center of gravity of the volume of
fluid displaced.
Water surface
CG or G
C or B
C G or G= C enter of C or B= Centroid of
gravity of body volume of liquid
displaced by body
5
Types of equilibrium of Floating Bodies
Stable Equilibrium:
If a body returns back to its original position due to internal
forces from small angular displacement, by some external force,
then it is said to be in stable equilibrium.
Note: Center of gravity of the volume (centroid) of fluid displaced is

also the center of buoyancy.
6
Unstable Equilibrium: If the body does not return back to its original
position from the slightly displaced angular displacement and heels farther
away, then it is said to be in unstable equilibrium

also center of buoyancy.
7
Neutral Equilibrium: If a body, when given a small angular

displacement, occupies new position and remains at rest in this new
position, it is said to be in neutral equilibrium.
CG
FB
also center of buoyancy.
8
Metac enter and Metac entric H eight
C enter of Buoyancy (B). The point of application of the
force of buoyancy on the body is known as the center of
buoyancy.
start to oscillate
Metacenter (M): when
Thegiven
pointa about
smallwhich
angular displacement
a body in stable is
metacenter .
called
equilibrium
It may also be defined as point of intersection of the axis of body passing
through center of gravity (CG or G) and original center of buoyancy (B)
and a vertical line passing through the center of buoyancy (B’) of tilted
position of body.
B ‘
FB FB
9
Metac enter and Metac entric H eight
M etacentric height (G M ): The

distance between the center of
gravity (G) of floating body and
the metacenter (M) is called
metacentric height. (i.e., distance
GM shown in fig) B ‘
FB
GM=BM-BG
10
Condition of Stability
For Stable Equilibrium
Position of metacenter (M) is above than center of gravity
(G)
For Unstable Equilibrium
Position of metacenter (M) is below than center of gravity
(G)
For Neutral Equilibrium
Position of metacenter (M) coincides center of gravity (G)
Overturning moment
Restoring
moment
11
Determ ination of Metac entric height
The metacentric height may be determined by the
following two methods
1. A nalytical method
2. Experimental method
12
In Figure shown AC is the
original waterline plane
and B the center of
buoyancy in the
equilibrium position.
W hen the vessel is tilted
through small angle θ, the
center of buoyancy will FB
move to B’ as a result of
the alteration in the shape
of displaced fluid.
A’C ’ is the waterline
plane in the displaced
position.
13
To find the m etacentric
height G M , consider a small
area dA at a distance x from
O.The height of elementary
area is given by xθ.
Therefore, volume of
the elementary area
becomes
FB
dV  x dA
The upward force of buoyancy
on this elementary area is
then
dFB   x dA
dA
 Moment
x.dFB   of xB (moment
x dF dA  due

to movement
x2 dA of wedge)
about O is given by;
14x.dFB  I
x
The change in the moment of
the buoyancy Force, FB is
FB  FB BB'  V BM 
For equilibrium, the moment

due to movement of
wedge=change in moment of
buoyancy force
FB
I BM 
I  V
BM 
V
GM  BM  BG
15
Examples
16
Exam ple 1
 A wooden block of specific gravity 0.75 floats in water. If the size
of block is 1mx0.5mx0.4m, find its meta centric height.
Solution: Given Data:

Size of wooden block=
1mx0.5mx0.4m, Specific gravity of 1m
wood=0.75
Specific weight of
wood=0.75(9.81)=7.36kN /m2 Weight of
wooden block=(specific
Letweight)x(volume)
h is depth of
Weight of wooden
immersion=? For h
0.4
block=7.36(1x0.5x0.4)=1.47kN
equilibrium m
Weight of water displaced = weight of
9.81(1x0.5xh)=1.47
wooden block >>
h=0.3m 0.5
17 m
Exam ple 1
D istance of center of 0.5
buoyancy=O B=0.3/2=0.15m Distance of m
center of gravity=OG=0.4/2=0.2m N ow;
BG=O G-O M=0.2-0.15=0.05m
Also; BM=I/V 1m
I=moment of inertia of rectangular
section I=(1)x(0.5)3/12=0.0104m
V=volume of water displaced by wooden
block V=(1)x(0.5)x(0.3)=0.15m3
BM=I/V=0.0104/0.15=0.069m
G h
Therefore, meta centric 0.4
m
height=GM=BM-BG GM=0.069-
B
0.05=0.019m
O
0.5
18 m
Exam ple 2
 A solid cylinder 2m in diameter and 2m high is floating in water with its
axis vertical. If the specific gravity of the material of cylinder is 0.65, find
its meta-centric height. State also whether the equilibrium is stable of
unstable.
2m
Solution: Given Data:
Size of solid cylinder= 2m dia, & 2m
height Specific gravity of solid
cylinder=0.65
Let h be depth of
immersion For equilibrium
Weight of water displaced = weight of
wooden block
2m G 1.3
9.81(π/4(2) (h))=9.81(0.65).(π/4(2) (2))
2 2
m
B
O
19
Exam ple 2
C enter of buoyancy from
O =O B=1.3/2=0.65m C enter of gravity
from O =O G=2/2=1m
2m
BG=1-0.65=0.35m
Also; BM=I/V
Moment of inertia=I=(π/64)(2)4=0.785m4
Volume displaced=V=(π/4)(2)4(1.3)=4.084m3
BM=I/V=0.192m
GM=BM-BG=0.192-0.35=-0.158m
-ve sign indicate that the metacenter (M) is
below the center of gravity (G), therefore, 2m G 1.3
the cylinder is in unstable equilibrium m
B
O
20

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Lecture 2: part 2

Forces on Immersed Bodies: Buoyancy

The tendency of immersed body to be lifted up in the fluid due to

The magnitude of the buoyant force can be determined by

“ When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly or partially,

Force of buoyancy can also be determined as

Note: Center of gravity of the volume (centroid) of fluid displaced is

Note: Center of gravity of the volume (centroid) of fluid displaced is

Neutral Equilibrium: If a body, when given a small angular

M etacentric height (G M ): The

For equilibrium, the moment

Solution: Given Data:

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