TOPIC: QUOTATION

REFERENCES IN TEXT-
CITATION
 GROUP NO.05
PRESENTED BY:
Bisma Tahir
Azba Akhtar
Aima Yousaf
Farza Zaidi
Hamile Naeem
M. Mubasher
PRESENTED TO: DR.AYESHA MURTAZA
FARZA BATOOL
L1F20BSFT0071
 Citations are references to
the source materials used in
a research paper, article, or
any other piece of scholarly
work.
INTRODUCTION
OF CITATIONS
Provide information about
the author, title,
publication year, and other
details to help readers
locate the original source.
 References: A list of all the sources
cited in a document, placed at the end.
DIFFERENCE It includes complete bibliographic
information for each source.
BETWEEN
CITATION AND Citations: Brief mentions of the
REFERENCES sources within the text, indicating
specific information used or
referenced. They typically include the
author's name and year of publication.
Attribution: Citations give credit to
the original authors and acknowledge
their intellectual contributions.

Verification: Readers can locate and

verify the information by referring to
the cited sources.
PURPOSE OF
Context: Citations provide context CITATION
and support for the claims or
arguments made in a document.

Further reading: They allow interested

readers to explore the cited sources
for more in-depth information.
Academic Integrity: Citations
demonstrate ethical academic
practices, avoiding plagiarism
and acknowledging the work of
others.

Quality Assessment: Citations

allow readers and researchers to
assess the credibility and
SIGNIFICANCE
reliability of the information
presented.
OF CITATIONS
Building on Existing
Knowledge: Citations provide a
foundation for further research
and contribute to the collective
knowledge of a field.
SOME CITATION STYLES AND THEIR ORIGIN
APA (American Chicago Manual of Style:
MLA (Modern Language
Psychological Used in various fields,
Association): Developed
Association): Developed including history,
by the Modern Language
by the American literature, and social
Association, commonly
Psychological sciences, with different
used in humanities and
Association, commonly variations for footnotes
liberal arts disciplines.
used in social sciences. and author-date formats.

Harvard Referencing IEEE (Institute of Electrical and

Style: A generic author- Electronics Engineers):
Primarily used in engineering,
date citation style widely computer science, and other
used in the UK and other technical fields, emphasizing
countries. numerical citations.
M. MUBASHER
L1F20BSFT0075
PURPOSE OF APA-STYLE REFERENCES IN
A REFERENCE SECTION

• The references in your reference section

provide your readers with the information
necessary to retrieve the sources you
cited in the body of your paper by
performing a library or online search.
 WHAT QUESTIONS ARE ANSWERED IN AN APA-
STYLE REFERENCE THAT WILL ENABLE A READER
TO PERFORM A SUCCESSFUL SEARCH?

• Who wrote this document?

• When was it written?
• What was its title?
• Where was it published?
• Who published it?
REFERENCE LIST

• The References list appears at the end of

your paper on its own page. Everything
you referenced in your text must be listed
in your References list
• Conversely, everything you list in the
References list must be cited in your essay
• The References list provides the
information needed for a reader to find
and retrieve any source used in your paper
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
1. Author(s), if available:
1. Woo, C., & Hwang, D.
2. Date electronic
2. 2010
publication was last
updated.) 3. Adjunctive behaviors in
enuretic preschoolers
3. Title of the document
4. In S. Sue (Ed.), The
4. Title of scholarly project, Stanford encyclopedia of
database, periodical, or philosophy (Fall 2010 ed.).
website 5. Retrieved
fromhttp://plato.stanford.ed
5. URL Address u/entries/behavi oralism
OTHER SOURCES
Other sources can also be
used and cited
Audiovisual media
• Technical & research
reports Data sets, software,
• Meetings & symposia measurement instruments, and
apparatus

Internet messages boards,

• Doctoral dissertations & electronic mailing lists, online
communities
master's theses
HAMILE NAEEM
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WHY SHOULD BE CITED?

1.Citing identifies sources used in a research project

2.It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers
whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their
role in shaping your research
3.It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material
4.To avoid charges of plagiarism
WHY SHOULD BE CITED?
• When in doubt, give credit to source!
• Many students plagiarize unintentionally
• Remember, whenever we summarize,
paraphrase or quote another author's material
we must properly credit our source.
• My parent always said "Don't through things
(Mom, 1990)If we are using another person's
idea, we must also cite our source!
HOW TO CITE?
• There are two parts to citing according to
APA style:
1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses)
within the body of your essay or paper
2. List of full citations in the References page
at the end of your paper
• Note:Sources cited in the text must appear in
the References page
• Conversely, each entry in the References
page must be cited in the text
AIMA YOUSUF
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CITING REFERENCES

• The C-S system is simple for citing reference in the text

• The for citing reference in N-Y system is more stringent

• There are few examples

• Single author, Two authors, Three authors

 SINGLE AUTHOR

• When there is only one author of a publication, his/her name is cited followed by the year of
publication
• If more works of the same author are being consulted and referred then the name is written
once only followed by the years of publication, in chronological order separated by a coma
• In some variants comma (,) is used after the authors name for separating it from the year of
publication
• EXAMPLE
• The recorded dietary laws were initially brought to mankind by Moses (Awan 1990).
• Variant:.. to mankind by Moses (Awan, 1990).
• Awan's work on Islamic Food Laws (Awan 1988, 1989, 1992).
AUTHORS WITH IDENTICAL SURNAMES

• When and the work of single authors having same surname but different initials and same
publication year is to be referred in text ,then initials of each author follow the surname:

• The most recent work (Hussain A 2018; Hussain M 2018).

• Variant: recent work (Hussain A, 2018; Hussain M, 2018).

• In case the year of publication is different, then only surname of authors followed by the
year will suffice:

• Variant: Laboratory Manuals recently published (Rehman 2015;Rehman,2016).

• Variant: recently published (Rehman, 2015; Rehman, 2016)

 TWO AUTHORS THREE AUTHORS

• When there are two authors in a publication, • When there are three or more authors in a

then their surnames are written in the text publication, the trend is to use surname of
followed by the year the first author followed by et al.

• The Food Analysis Manual published recently • In recent studies (Butt et al 2017).
by Awan and Rehman (2017) provides….
• Variant: In recent studies (Butt et al, 2017)
• Work conducted by Chughtai and Moazam
• NOTE: et al is written in Italics and there is
(2009) has….
a period (.) to end the abbreviation and a
• Variant: No change when year is in parenthesis
coma (,) to separate the name from the year
 REFERENCE CITED FROM ANOTHER SOURCE

• In developing countries including Pakistan, scientific journals no usually not available

• Students and researchers often rely on abstract from abstracting services for references that are cited with is author's
names as if the original article had been seen.

• However, in the references list, after giving complete reference, details from abstracting service must be provided

• In other cases, references listed in a publication are cited as if these been seen in original. It is unethical not to
mention the original source from which the reference has been retrieved. The appropriate method of citing references
from a published paper is as follows:

• The original description of windmill (Powell 1858, cited in Forbes 1998) OR The original description of windmill
(Powell 1858)

• Then in the list of references after writing complete reference for Powell, information about the source (Forbes 1998)
BISMA TAHIR
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APA STYLE AND FORMATTING

• American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the

most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.
APA regulates:
• Stylistics
• In-text citations
• References
APA STYLE LANGUAGE
In an APA paper is:
• Clear: be specific in descriptions and
explanations
• Concise: condense information when you
can
• Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives
and minimize figurative language
TYPES OF APA PAPERS
The literature review:
• Contains a summary of what the scientific literature says about the
topic of your research
• Includes a title page, introduction, and list of references
The experimental report:
• Describes your experimental research
• Includes a title page, abstract, introduction, method, results,
discussion, list of references, appendices, tables, and figures
GENERAL FORMAT
GENERAL GUIDELINES:
• Times New Roman font, 12pt, double-spaced,
1-inch margins
• Pages are numbered consecutively throughout
APA FORMATTED PAPERS INCLUDE:
• a title page with running head
• an abstract (if required)
• in-text citations throughout body
• reference list with full citations
TWO PARTS OF
REFERENCING

• The citations
• Text of your paper
• Reference list at the end of your
paper
CONTD…

• The APA referencing style is an

"author-date" style
• Author(s) and the year of publication
given wholly or partly in round
brackets
• Use only the surname of the author(s)
followed by a comma and the year of
publication
CONTD…

• Reference list entries contain

all the information that is
required to follow up your
source. Reference lists in APA
are arranged alphabetically by
author
ELEMENTS OF CITATION
STANDARD APA ABBREVIATIONS

Edition ed.

Editor(s) Ed.(Eds.)

et alii, et aliae (and others) - from et al.

Latin

No date of publication n.d.

Number No.

Page(s) p. (pp.)

Paragraph(s) para(s).

Part Pt.

Revised edition Rev. ed.

Supplement Suppl.

Technical Report Tech. Rep.

Translator(s) Trans.

Volume (as in Vol. 4) Vol.

Volumes (as in 4 Vols.) Vols.

AZBA AKHTAR
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PUNCTUATION IN CITATIONS

Comma:
• To separate authors name and year
• Separate citations of different references
 The work done in this laboratory (Anjum 2015,
2016)
 Has been defined (Gilani, Sarwar et al 2009)
Semicolon:
• Use for separating citations of different authors.
 The additional work (Cheema 2011; Malik 2016)
PUNCTUATIONS IN CITATIONS-VARIANTS

• In variant version of Name-Year system adopted by ASA, CSSA,

SSSA and by UAF:
Comma is used between surname and year
Semicolon separates work of two authors
IMPORTANT DETAILS TO REMEMBER

• Spacing
• Use of ampersand
• Use of italics
• Capitalization
• Hanging indentation
• Primary and secondry
sources
CNTD…

• Spacing
Follow each punctuation mark with one space
Ex; Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Freud: Champion of the
MN: Worth. Sigmund unconscious. St. Paul,
Ampersand
Use before final author and precede it with a comma
Ex; Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:
Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
CNTD…
• Use of italics
Italicize the title of book
Ex; Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud: Champion
of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN:
Worth.
• Capitalization
Capitalize only the first word
Ex; Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Freud: Champion of the
Sigmund unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.
CNTD…

• Hanging paragraph indentation

Use words hanging indent command to indent second and all
following line of your reference.
(Format-> Paragraph -> Indent and Spacing - Special-> Hanging)
Ex; Smith, G. R., & Ferguson, T. T. (2001). Sigmund Freud:
Champion of the unconscious. St. Paul, MN: Worth.