2.

Earthquake Load On
Structure

. 1

Tekalign B.
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2.1 General Theory On Earthquake

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 What is an Earthquake?
 Earthquakes originate at the boundaries of crustal tectonic plates, due to relative slips at
the
boundaries.
 The relative slip at the adjacent plastics is resisted at the rough interface by friction, inducing shear
stresses in the plates adjacent to the boundary.
 When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in
waves that travel through the earth's crust and cause the shaking that we feel.

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 Cont’d…
Earthquake mechanism
 Slip starts at the weakest point( the focus)
 Earthquakes occur as the deformed rock “springs back” to its original shape (elastic
rebound)
 The motion moves neighboring rocks and so on.
 E.g. Elastic rebound with a ruler.

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 Anatomy of Earthquake
 Focus: source of energy.
 Epicenter: location directly above focus at the surface(the ground motion is
greatest).
 Fault trace: shows the intersection of the fault and the surface of the land.
 Fault scarp: indicates vertical motion of fault.

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 Types of Earthquake
 Tectonic earthquakes: occur when rocks in the earth's crust break due
to geological forces created by the movement of tectonic plates.
 Volcanic earthquakes: occur in conjunction with volcanic activity.
 Collapse earthquakes: small earthquakes in underground caverns
and mines.
 Explosion earthquakes: result from the explosion of nuclear and
chemical devices.

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 Types of seismic wave
Body waves:
 P waves are compressional waves, which means that they compress and expand matter
as they move through it.
 S waves, or shear waves, or cut the rock they travel through sideways at right angles to
the direction of motion.

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 Cont’d…
Surface waves: the slowest wave, these waves move close to or on the outside surface of
the ground.
 Love waves: that move like S waves but only horizontally.
 Rayleigh waves: move both horizontally and vertically in a vertical plane pointed in
the direction of travel.

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 Measuring Earthquake
Seismometers: instruments that detect seismic waves.
 Records the movement of Earth in relation to a stationary mass on a rotating
drum or magnetic tape.
Seismographs: record intensity height and amplitude of seismic waves.

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Measuring Earthquake

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Measuring Earthquake

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Measuring Earthquake

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 Measuring the size of Earthquake
Two measurements describe the size of an earthquake:
1. Magnitude: estimates the amount of energy released by the earthquake.
Earthquake Magnitude Scale: a logarithmic scale, Comparing amplitudes of waves on
a seismogram, not the strength, or energy, of the quakes.
Moment Magnitude Scale: measures the movement of rock along the fault.
 It accurately measures larger earthquakes, which can last for minutes, affect a
much larger area, and cause more damage.

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 Measuring the size of Earthquake
2.Intensity: a measure of Earthquake shaking at a given location based on the amount
of damage.
Earthquake intensity scales:
 describe the severity of an earthquake’s effects on the Earth's surface, humans,
and buildings at different locations in the area of the epicenter.
The Modified Mercalli Scale
 consists of a series of key responses that include people awakening, movement
of furniture, damage to chimneys, and total destruction.

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 Measuring the size of Earthquake
2.

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 Measuring the size of Earthquake
2.

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 Earthquake Effect
1. Ground shaking
 is a term used to describe the vibration of the ground during an earthquake.
Ground shaking is caused by body waves and surface waves.

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Cont’d…
2. Surface Faulting
 is the differential movement of the two sides of a fracture at the Earth's surface and
can be strike-slip, normal, and reverse (or thrust).

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Earthquake Effect
Ground shaking

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 Cont’d…
3. Ground Failure:
1. Liquefaction induced

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 Cont’d…
3.2 Landslide:
 are rock falls and slides of rock fragments that form on steep
slopes.

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 Cont’d…
3.3 Tsunamis:
 are water waves that are caused by sudden vertical movement of a large
area of the sea floor during an undersea earthquake.

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 Cont’d…
3.3 Tsunamis:
 are water waves that are caused by sudden vertical
movement of a large area of the sea floor during an undersea
earthquake.

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 Cont’d…
3.4
Fires:

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 Major past EQ of Ethiopia
1. Karakore Earthquake M=6.7

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Major past EQ of Ethiopia

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 Cont’d…
2. Serdo Earthquake 1969, M=6.2

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 Major past EQ of Ethiopia
2.

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 Cont’d…
2. Hosana Earthquake M=5.2

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 Cont’d…
2. Hosana Earthquake

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2.2 Analysis of Earthquake

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 Method of analysis
 Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of
the response of a building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes.
 Structural analysis methods can be divided into the following five categories:
 Equivalent static analysis
 Response spectrum analysis
 Linear dynamic analysis
 Nonlinear static analysis
 Nonlinear dynamic analysis

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 1. Equivalent static analysis
 Defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect
of earthquake ground motion.
It assumes that the building responds in its fundamental mode.
 The building must be low-rise and must not twist significantly when
the ground moves.
 Generally determines the shear acting due to an earthquake as
equivalent static base shear.

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 2. Response spectrum analysis
 This approach permits the multiple modes of response of a building
to be taken into account.
 For each mode, a response is read from the design spectrum, based
on the modal frequency and the modal mass, and they are then
combined to provide an estimate of the total response of the structure.
 No longer appropriate for too irregular, too tall, or of significance to
a community in disaster response.

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 3. Linear dynamic analysis
 For tall buildings, buildings with torsional irregularities, or
non- orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required.
 In the linear dynamic procedure, the building is modeled as a
multi- degree-of-freedom system.
 linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to
remain nearly elastic for the level of ground motion

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 4. Nonlinear static analysis
 This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis.
 A pattern of forces is applied to a structural model that includes non-
linear properties (such as steel yield), and the total force is plotted
against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve.

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 5. Nonlinear dynamic analysis
 The non-linear properties of the structure are considered as part of a time
domain analysis.
 This approach is also known as time history analysis.
 Time histories of the structural response to a given input are obtained as a result.

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1. Equivalent static analysis
As per Es en 1998, 2015 (ces-160; 2015)
and
Eurocode 8

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 1. Equivalent Lateral Force
 ES-EN 1998-1, denoted in general by CES 160-2015: “Design of structures
for
earthquake resistance”, applies to the design and construction of buildings and
civil engineering works in seismic regions.
 Its purpose is to ensure that in the event of earthquakes:
 Human lives are protected
 Damage is limited
 Structures important for civil protection remain operational.
 Nuclear power plants, offshore structures, and dams Not Included

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 Fundamental requirements
EN 1998-1 prescribes that in order to satisfy the fundamental requirements two limit
states should be checked:
 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
 Without local and global collapse
 Deals with the safety of people and the whole structure
 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years-return periods 475 years.
 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
 Damage Limitation requirement
 Reduction of economic losses
 10% probability of exceedance in 10 years-return periods 95 years.

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 Importance classes and importance factors
Buildings in CES 160-2015 section 4.2.5 are classified in 4 importance classes depending on:
 The consequences of collapse for human life;
 Their importance for public safety and civil protection in the immediate post-
earthquake period and
 The social and economic consequences of collapse

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 Ground Conditions
This ground investigation has two main objectives (CES 160-2015 section
3.1.2):
 For the classification of the soil profile.
 Allowing the selection of the relevant spectral shape.
To identify the soil behavior during an
earthquake. Three parameters are used in the
classification provided:
 the value of the average shear wave velocity,
vs,30
 the number of blows in the standard penetration
test (NSPT)
 the undrained cohesive resistance (cu)
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52
 Seismic Actions
 The seismic action to be considered based on the hazard
assessment(CES 160-2015 section 3.2).
 Seismic hazard is normally represented by some parameter:
 Peak ground acceleration, velocity or displacement
 For a given period of exposure,
 At a certain location (assuming a rock ground condition).
 However, peak ground acceleration are not good descriptors of the
severity of an
earthquake.

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 PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ZONATION OF ETHIOPIA
 The Seismic hazard map is
divided into 5 zones, where the
ratio of the design bedrock
acceleration to the acceleration of
gravity g = 𝛼0 for the respective
zones.

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 PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ZONATION OF ETHIOPIA
 The seismic action to be considered based on the hazard
assessment(CES 160-2015 section 3.2).
 Seismic hazard is normally represented by some parameter:
 Peak ground acceleration, velocity or displacement
 For a given period of exposure,
 At a certain location (assuming a rock ground condition).
 However, peak ground acceleration are not good descriptors of the
severity of an
earthquake.

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 Types of response spectra in ES EN 1998
The response spectrum provides the seismic response of a linear SDOF
system in terms of spectral acceleration (pseudo-acceleration) as a
function of its period T.
 Elastic spectrum: applicable for structures that remain in the elastic
range. (EN1998-1 Section 10 and EN1998-2 Section 7).
 Design spectrum: used for the design of ductile structures using
equivalent elastic procedures.
 The reduced response for the design is accomplished by
reducing the spectral values with the behavior factor q that
characterizes the ductile response of the system.

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 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

 ag is the design ground acceleration on Type A ground which is defined

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 Spectrum shapes CES 160 sec-3.2.2.2(2)
Type 1 elastic response spectra for ground types A to E, 5% damping

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 Cont’d…
 The Type 2 shape is applicable for low-seismicity
sites.
 Ms not greater than 5.5.

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 Elastic displacement response spectrum
 𝑆𝐷𝑒(𝑇) is obtained by direct transformation of the elastic acceleration response
spectrum
𝑆𝑒 𝑇 according to the fundamental relation of structural dynamics, CES-160
Sec- 3.2.2.2(5): 𝑇
𝑆𝐷𝑒 (𝑇) = 𝑆𝑒 (𝑇). )2
2𝜋
(
 The expression is applicable for periods T not exceeding 4.0 s.
 For larger periods the response is defined in term of the displacement response
spectrum.

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 fundamental period of vibration buildings
 The fundamental period is estimated empirically from the building’s total height and the
type of structural system.
3
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑡 . 𝐻
ൗ4
 Ct is 0.085 for moment-resistant space steel frames, 0.075 for moment-resistant space
concrete frames and for eccentrically braced steel frames, and 0.050 for all other
structures;
 H is the height of the building, in m, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid
basement.
 Alternative, the estimation 𝑇1 (in s)
𝑇1 = 2 ∗ 𝑑

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 Lateral force method
 Regular structure with small influence of higher
modes
 The requirement: 𝑇1 ≤2.0 ቊ𝑠4
 The
∗ 𝑇𝑐 seismic base shear force
Fb:
𝑇1 .
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 𝑚. 𝜆

𝑚𝜆 isisthe
thecorrection
total massfactor,
of the the value of which is equal to:
building
 λ= 0.85 if T1< 2 TC and the building has more than two stories,
or
 λ= 1.0 otherwise.
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 Distribution of the horizontal seismic forces
The fundamental mode shapes in the horizontal directions of analysis of the
building:
𝑍 𝑖 ∗ 𝑚𝑖
𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹𝑏.
σ 𝑍 𝑗 ∗ 𝑚𝑗
 Fi is the horizontal force acting on the story i;
 Fb is the seismic base shear.
 mi, mj are the story masses computed in accordance with
3.2.4(2).
 zi, zj are the heights of the masses mi,mj

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 Behavior factors
 Factor used for design purposes to reduce the force obtained
from a linear analysis, in order to account for the non-linear
response of
structure.
 Ductility and energy dissipation
 Ductility Classes
 Over strength
The upper limit value of the behavior factor q, account for energy
dissipation capacity:
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 . 𝑘𝑤 ≥ 1.5
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 Behavior factors for horizontal seismic actions
 The upper limit value of the behavior factor q, account for energy
dissipation capacity, :

 For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the value of qo should
be reduced by 20% (see 4.2.3.1(7) and Table 4.1).
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Overstrength factor

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 Design spectra
 The capacity of structural systems to resist seismic actions in the non-
linear range generally permits their design for resistance to seismic forces
smaller than those corresponding to a linear elastic response.

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 Combination Action

෍ 𝐺 𝑘,𝑗 + ෍ 𝚿𝐸,𝑖𝑄𝑘,𝑖

 𝚿𝐸,𝑖 is the combination coefficient for variable action from ES-EN

𝚿𝐸,𝑖 = 𝜑𝚿2,𝑖

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 Basic Principles Of Conceptual Design
Structural simplicity
Uniformity, symmetry ad redundancy
 Bi-directional resistance ad stiffness
Torsional resistance ad stiffness
Diaphragmatic behavior at story level
Adequate foundation
Strong column/weak beam
σ 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 ≥ 1.3 ∗ σ 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 70
Structural simplicity

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 Uniformity, symmetry ad
redundancy

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Muluken B. 72
 Uniformity, symmetry ad
redundancy

X √

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Muluken B. 73
Cont’d…

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Cont’d…

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 Structural (ir)regularity
Regularity in Regularity in
plan Elevatio
 Symmetry  No interruption pf
 Compact LLRS In
plan
 Adequate in-plane elevation
stiffness, mass
configuration
stiffness of floor  No
and abrupt changes of
overstrength
 Adequate torsional  Limitation of
stiffness setbacks
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Cont’d…

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 Mass spring damper
system
𝑚𝑎 + 𝐶𝑣 + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑡)

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Examples!

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