PHYSICS

TOPIC 1 : ENERGY
ENERGY STORES
 https://youtu.be/JGwcDCeYRYo?si=gwEVJ4adAaLJ_9it

ENERGY STORES
• Energy is never used. Its just transferred between different energy
stores
• When energy is transferred to an object, its stored in one of object’s
energy stores
Types of energy
Thermal
Kinetic
Gravitational
Elastic potential
Chemical
Magnetic
Electrostatic
Nuclear

Can you give examples for these

types of energies from your daily life
• Energy can be transferred mechanically (by doing work) or
electrically (work done by moving charges), by heating or by
radiation
 ENERGY TRANSFER BY
SYSTEM CHANGE
• System is fancy word for single object (e.g., the air in the
piston) or group of objects (two colliding vehicles)

• System change – energy transferred.

• It can be transferred into or away from system, between

different objects or between different type of energy stores

• Closed systems- Neither matter nor energy can enter or

leave – net energy change is zero

• What are the energy changes for the following…?

• An electric fire
• A rock about to drop
• An arrow about to be fired
ENERGY
TRANSFER BY
HEATING
• Take example of boiling water in
kettle . Energy transfer from
kettle heating element to water
causing water to boil.

• So firstly, energy is transferred

electrically to thermal energy
store of kettle heating element.
Then, the same energy is
transferred thermally to the water
WORK DONE
 24/01/2024

Work done
When any object is moved around work will need to be
done on it to get it to move (obviously).

We can work out the amount of work done in moving an

object using the formula:

Work done = Force x distance moved

in J in N in m W

You need to learn this equation!!

F s
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 24/01/2024

Example questions
1. Amy pushes a book 5m along the table with a force of 5N.
She gets tired and decides to call it a day. How much work 25J
did she do?

2. Jodie lifts a laptop 2m into the air with a force of 10N.

How much work does she do? What type of energy did the
20J,
laptop gain? GPE

3. Ronnie does 200J of work by pushing a wheelbarrow with a

force of 50N. How far did he push it? What type of 4m, KE
energy did the wheelbarrow gain?

4. Julian cuddles his cat and lifts it 1.5m in the air. If he did
75J of work how much force did he use? 50N

5. Travis drives his car 1000m. If the engine was producing a

driving force of 2000N how much work did the car do?
2MJ
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Energy and Power
The POWER RATING of an appliance is defined as “the rate
of doing work” or “the rate of transferring energy” and is
measured in Watts.
In other words, 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second

Power = work done or energy

time
W
W = Work done (in joules)
P = Power (in watts)
P T
T = Time (in seconds)

24/01/2024
You need to learn this equation!!
Some example questions
1) What is the power rating of a light bulb that transfers
60W
120 joules of energy in 2 seconds?
2) What is the power of an electric fire that transfers
10,000J of energy in 5 seconds? 2KW

3) Georgia runs up the stairs in 5 seconds. If she transfers

1,000,000J of energy in this time what is her power 0.2MW
rating?
4) How much energy does a 150W light bulb transfer in a) 150J,
one second, b) one minute? 9KJ
5) Brad’s brain needs energy supplied to it at a rate of 40W.
How much energy does it need during a 50 minute (3000 120KJ
second) physics lesson?
6) Gabriel’s brain, being more intelligent, only needs energy
at a rate of about 20W. How much energy would his brain
use in a normal day? 1.73MJ
24/01/2024
WORK DONE

• Work done is another way of

saying “energy is transferred”

• Work can be done when current

flows (work done against
resistance) or by a force moving
object.

What more can be examples of work

done ?
 WORK DONE
• Energy transferred from chemical energy
stored in arm to kinetic energy of ball. This
is work done

• Friction between car brake and wheel does

work. Energy transfer from wheel’s kinetic
energy to thermal energy of brake pads

• In a collision, contact between car and

object does work. Energy transfer from car
kinetic energy to elastic and thermal
energy of object (the object breaks and
gets warm) and further to thermal energy
of car . Some of energy is also transferred
to sound waves
FALLING OBJECT
ALSO TRANFERS
ENERGY
• When something falls , it is
accelerated by gravity. The
gravitational force does work

• As it falls, energy from object

gravitational potential energy is
transferred into its kinetic energy
 KINETIC AND
POTENTIAL ENERGY
STORES
 MOVEMENT MEANS ENERGY IN OBJECT’S
KINETIC ENERGY STORE

• Anything moving has energy in its kinetic

energy store A car of mass 2500
• Energy depends upon object mass and
kg is travelling at 20
speed. More mass and speed means more m/s. Calculate
energy energy in its kinetic
• Formula energy store

REMEMBER
There is formula sheet at the end of slides. That
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
will become handy during last minute revisions
v=WrFCHt21kVA&ab_channel=Cognito
 Example questions
1) Lydia drives her car at a speed of 30m/s. If
the combined mass of her and the car is 450,000J
1000kg what is her kinetic energy?

2) Sam rides her bike at a speed of 10m/s. If

the combined mass of Sam and her bike is 4000J
80kg what is her kinetic energy?

3) Josh is trying to catch a bus and is running

270m/s
at 3m/s. If he has a mass of 60kg how much
kinetic energy does he have?

4) A 2000kg car is being driven at a speed of Increases

10m/s. If it doubles its speed to 20m/s from
100,000J to
what happens to the car’s kinetic energy? 400,000J
 24/01/2024
Example questions (higher)
1) Steve is running away from the police and
has 100J of kinetic energy. If he is running 50kg
at 2m/s what is his mass?

2) James is driving in his car and has a

combined mass of 1200kg. If he has 540KJ 30m/s
of kinetic energy what speed is he driving
at?

3) Dave is running and has a kinetic energy of

750J. If his mass is 60kg how fast is he 5m/s
running?

4) Stuart is spotted walking around Tescos. If

he has a kinetic energy of 150J and he’s 75kg
walking at a pace of 2m/s what is his mass?
 RAISED OBJECTS STORE ENERGY IN
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
STORES
• Lifting an object in gravitational field
requires work
• Transfer of energy to gravitational
potential energy of raised object
• Energy depends upon object’s mass, height • To work out how much gravitational
and strength of gravitational field the potential energy (GPE) an object gains when
object is in it is lifted up we would use this method
• Formula

REMEMBER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNS-
There is formula sheet at the end of slides. That
W7k0jts&ab_channel=Cognito
will become handy during last minute revisions
 Some example questions…
How much gravitational potential energy have the following
objects gained?:
1. A brick of mass 1kg lifted to the top of a house (10m), 100J
2. A 1,000kg car lifted by a ramp up to a height of 2m, 20KJ
3. A 70kg person lifted up 50cm by a friend.
350J

How much GPE have the following objects lost?:

4. A 0.2kg football dropping out of the air after being
kicked up 30m, 60J
5. A 0.05kg egg falling 10m out of a bird nest,
5J
6. A 1,000kg car falling off its 200cm ramp.
20KJ
 STRETCHING CAN TRANSFER ENERGY TO
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY STORES
• Stretching or squashing an object can
transfer energy to its elastic potential energy
stores
• As long as limit of proportionality has not
been exceeded, energy in elastic potential
energy store of stretched spring can be
found using

REMEMBER
There is formula sheet at the end of slides. That
will become handy during last minute revisions
Extension questions
1) Jonny decides to use a spring (spring constant = 25N/m) to fire a 20g object straight
upwards. He extends the spring by 50cm and fires the object upwards. How far up would
it go?

15.6m

2) In the above example, how fast would the object be moving immediately after leaving the
spring?

17.7m/s
SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY
Specific Heat Capacity
If we heat this beaker up it’s fairly clear
that the liquid will gain internal energy and
get hotter.

Q. What three things does the increase in

temperature depend on?

1) The amount of liquid (i.e. the mass)

2) The amount of heat energy going in to
the liquid (i.e. how hot the Bunsen is
and how long it’s on for)
3) The substance being heated – e.g. is it
water or cooking oil?
Putting these into an equation…
Let’s put the factors from the last slide into an equation:

If the rise in temperature depends on the

mass of liquid, how much energy it is given
and the substance being heated then we can
say:

ΔE = mcΔθ
Where:
ΔE = amount of heat energy being supplied (in Joules)
m = mass of liquid (in kg)
c = “specific heat capacity” (in J/KgOC)
Δθ = change in temperature (in OC)
 DIFFERENT MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES
• Specific heat capacity is a way of saying
how hard is to heat something up

• Sometimes more energy needs to be

transferred to thermal energy store of some
materials to increase their temperature

• Materials that need to gain lots of energy to

warm up transfer loads of energy when cool
down again. They can store a lot of energy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rT7-
5yE4pQ&ab_channel=Cognito
 CALCULATIONS FOR SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY
• Below is the equation that link energy
transfer to specific heat capacity
QUESTION TIME

How much energy is needed to heat 2.00 kg of water from 10 degrees

to 100 degrees centigrade? The specific heat capacity of water is
4200 J/KG degrees centigrade
INVESTIGATING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES
• To investigate a solid material , you will need a block of material with two holes in it
(for heater and thermometer)
• Measure the mass of block and then wrap in insulating layer to reduce energy transfer
• Measure initial temperature and set power supply to 10 V
• When you turn on the power, current work on heater. Energy transfer electrically from
power supply to heater thermal energy store and then to material thermal energy store
by heating
• As block heats up, use thermometer to measure temperature e.g every minute . After 10
reading switch off the power supply
 Investigating Specific Heat Capacity
How can we measure SHC experimentally?

A E = VIt and E = mcΔT

12V V
1) Calculate E if E = voltage x current x
time (in seconds)
2) Divide this by the mass of the water
in kg
3) Divide this by the change in
temperature
4) Write down your answer – specific
heat capacity of water = _____J
/(kg.0C)
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Some example questions
1) A beaker filled with 0.1kg of water with specific heat
capacity 4200J/(kg.0C) is heated from 200C to 800C.
Calculate the amount of heat energy gained by the water.
25.2 KJ

2) Another beaker containing 24g of water starts at 500C. If

it loses 2000J of energy what temperature has it dropped
to?
30.20C

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Question 1
If you eat a pizza from a hot oven, the crust might be harmless
while the cheese topping scalds your tongue. Use your ideas
about specific heat capacity to explain why.

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Question 2
Using the equation E = m × c × θ…

How much energy would be transferred to raise the

temperature of 2 kg of water from 20°C to 30°C?

The specific heat capacity of water = 4181 J/Kg/°C

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Question 3
The specific heat capacity of water is 4181 J/Kg/°C and that of
lead is 128 J/Kg/°C. If you had both the same mass of lead and
water which would require the most energy to heat and why?

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Question 4
Radiators can either be filled
with water or filled with oil.
Water has a higher specific heat
capacity. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of
each?

24/01/2024
Question 1
If you eat a pizza from a hot oven, the crust might be harmless
while the cheese topping scalds your tongue. Use your ideas
about specific heat capacity to explain why.

Crust has a lower SHC so the cheese holds the heat in for a
longer amount of time.

24/01/2024
Question 2
Using the equation E = m × c × θ…

How much energy would be transferred to raise the

temperature of 2 kg of water from 20°C to 30°C?

The specific heat capacity of water = 4181 J/Kg/°C

83,620J

24/01/2024
Question 3
The specific heat capacity of water is 4181 J/Kg/°C and that of
lead is 128 J/Kg/°C. If you had both the same mass of lead and
water which would require the most energy to heat and why?

Water would need more energy to heat up as it has a higher

SHC.

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Question 4
Radiators can either be filled
with water or filled with oil.
Water has a higher specific heat
capacity. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of
each?
Water would need more energy to warm up (disadvantage?) but
would also take a longer time to cool down again (advantage?).

24/01/2024
 ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAMS
• Diagrams can be used to show how energy is transferred from one store to another. Two
examples are the transfer diagram and the Sankey diagram.
• Transfer diagrams
• In transfer diagrams the boxes show the energy stores and the arrows show the energy
transfers.
• For example, a transfer diagram for a child at the top of a slide may be:

• Gravitational energy stored in the child at the top of the slide is transferred as mechanical
work done to speed up and to do work against friction. The result of this is a shift of energy
from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy and internal energy (raising the
temperature of the child and the slide).
ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAMS
• Sankey diagrams
• Sankey diagrams start off as one arrow that splits into two or more points. This shows how
all of the energy in a system is transferred into different stores.

• Sankey diagrams are really useful when the amount of energy in each of the energy sources is
known. The width of the arrow is drawn to scale to show the amount of energy..
TYPES OF
ENERGY
STORES
FORMULA
SHEET
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
• An apple of mass 100 g falls from a tree. It
reaches a speed of 6 m/s before landing on
Isaac’s head. What is the gain of kinetic
energy of the apple?

• How much gravitational potential energy

does a 500 g book gain when it is lifted up
1.5 m onto a shelf?

• How much elastic potential energy does a

spring store when it is compressed by 0.2
m if it has a spring constant of 5 N/m?