UNIT-II: VALUE SET

By: Farzana Kausar Khattak

Lecturer
INS-KMU
 OBJECTIVES
• Define Value &value clarification
• 2. List types of values
• 3. Identify personal, societal, organizational, professional and moral values
• 4. Explain modes of value transmission
• 5. Recognize value conflicts and its implication to nursing practice.
• 6. List advantages of value clarification in nursing profession.
• 7. Develop professional values
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 VALUE
 Something of worth; enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a
person, object, idea, or action.
 The value is a personal belief about the worth you hold for an idea, a
custom, or an object.
 I value freedom of speech.
 I value my family.

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 VALUE CLARIFICATION
• Value clarification is a process that involves examining and understanding
one's personal values, beliefs, and ethical principles.
• It is a self-reflective and often guided exploration of what matters most to
an individual, helping them gain greater clarity about their core values and
priorities.
• This process can be important for personal development, decision-making,
and moral reasoning.

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 TYPES OF VALUES
• Personal Values • Spiritual or Religious Values
• Cultural Values • Environmental Values
• Moral Values • Economic Values
• Social Values • Aesthetic Values
• Family Values • Political Values
• Organizational Values • Health and Wellness Values
• It's important to note that individuals may prioritize these values differently, and some values may
be in conflict with each other.
• Values can also change or evolve over time, influenced by life experiences, culture, and personal
growth.

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 PERSONAL VALUES
These are individual beliefs and principles that are important to a person and
guide one's behavior and decisions.
• Honesty
• Compassion
• Independence
• Creativity
• Loyalty
• Self-discipline
• Kindness

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 SOCIETAL VALUES
Shared principles and norms that shape the culture and behavior of a
society.
• Democracy
• Equality
• Freedom
• Justice
• Tolerance
• Human rights
• Social responsibility
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 ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
Core principles that define the culture and conduct of a company or institution .
• Accountability
• Teamwork
• Innovation
• Customer focus
• Quality
• Leadership
• Adaptability
• Efficiency

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 PROFESSIONAL VALUES
Ethics and standards that govern the conduct and behavior of individuals within
a specific profession or field.
• Professionalism
• Competence
• Confidentiality
• Trustworthiness
• Accountability
• Continuous learning
• Respect for colleagues
• Adaptability

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 MORAL VALUES
Fundamental beliefs about what is right and wrong, shaping ethical
decision-making.
• Honesty
• Fairness
• Justice
• Empathy
• Responsibility
• Respect for others
• Truthfulness
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 MODES OF VALUE TRANSMISSION
Common modes of value transmission include:
1. Modeling
2. Moralizing
3. Laissez-faire
4. Rewarding And Punishing
5. Responsible Choice
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 1. MODELING

• Mode of value transmission involves people learning and adopting values by

observing and imitating the behavior of role models they admire.
• Example: If a child sees their parents consistently demonstrating honesty in
their interactions and daily life, the child is likely to model their own behavior
after their parents' honesty, thus learning and internalizing the value of
truthfulness.

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 2. MORALIZING
• Mode of value transmission involves teaching and instilling values through
moral instruction and guidance, often within a moral or ethical framework.
• Example: In a religious context, a religious leader provides moral instruction
to their congregation, emphasizing the value of compassion and helping
those in need. This teaching encourages the congregation to adopt these
values in their lives, guiding their actions to align with the moral teachings of
their faith.

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 3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE
• It is a noninterference approach to value transmission, where individuals are
left to develop their own values without much guidance or intervention.
• This approach is often used in situations where it is believed that individuals
should be free to develop their own values and beliefs.
• Example: Parents give their children a high degree of freedom to explore
and make choices about their values and beliefs. These children often
develop their values independently based on their experiences and self-
discovery, rather than being strongly directed by their parents.

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 4. REWARDING AND PUNISHING
• Involves reinforcing certain values through the use of rewards for desirable
behavior and punishments for undesirable behavior.
• Involves using rewards or punishments to encourage or discourage certain
behaviors or values.
• Example: In a company, employees who consistently meet or exceed
targets are rewarded with financial bonuses, while those who engage in
unethical practices or violate company policies may face disciplinary actions
or job termination, reinforcing the organization's values of performance and
integrity.
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 5. RESPONSIBLE CHOICE

• Refer to individuals taking ownership of their decisions and their consequences,

reflecting their values.
• Example: A student chooses to study diligently for an exam, acknowledging
the value of education and personal growth, even though it requires sacrificing
some leisure time. This responsible choice reflects his/her commitment to
academic excellence.

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 CONFLICT
• Conflict refers to a state of disagreement, tension, or opposition between
individuals, groups, or entities. It often arises from differences in interests,
values, or goals and can manifest as emotional, verbal, or physical discord.
• Two coworkers are in conflict because one wants to work in a quiet environment
to concentrate, while the other prefers to have music playing in the background.
Their differing preferences lead to tension and disagreements in the workplace.
• There are 4 types of conflict:
• Interpersonal Conflict
• Intrapersonal Conflict
• Intergroup Conflict
• Intragroup Conflict

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 VALUE CONFLICT

• Value conflict is a clash between individuals or groups with fundamentally different

beliefs and ethical principles.
• For example, a value conflict can occur when one person believes in strict
environmental conservation, while another believes in industrial development
without much concern for the environment, leading to disagreements and tension.
• Types of conflict in relation to value conflict:
• Interpersonal Value Conflict
• Intrapersonal Value Conflict
• Intergroup Value Conflict
• Intragroup Value Conflict
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 INTERPERSONAL VALUE CONFLICT
This occurs when individuals have conflicting values with each other.
• For example, one person values staying up late and study in quite environment,
while another values getting a good night's sleep for early morning productivity.

INTRAPERSONAL VALUE CONFLICT

This happens when an individual experiences internal conflict due to conflicting
personal values.
• For instance, someone may have an intrapersonal value conflict if they value
both career success and spending more time with their family, but feel torn
between the two.
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 INTERGROUP VALUE CONFLICT
This involves conflicting values between different groups, which might be religious,
cultural, or social organizations.
• For example: In a school, there might be an intergroup value conflict between students
who value strict dress codes and those who value expressing their personal style
through clothing.

INTRAGROUP VALUE CONFLICT

• Conflict that arises within a specific group or organization due to differing values
among its members.
• This conflict occurs among individuals who share the same group.
• For Example: In a student group, some members value studying alone for exams,
while others value forming study groups.
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IMPLICATION OF VALUE CONFLICTS TO NURSING PRACTICE

• Ethical Dilemmas: Value conflicts can lead to ethical dilemmas. Nurses may
face situations where their personal values clash with the values of the
healthcare institution or the patient. This can create moral distress and
challenge their ability to make ethically sound decisions.
• Patient Care: Value conflicts can impact the quality of patient care.
Differences in values related to treatment options, end-of-life decisions, or
other aspects of care may lead to disagreements among healthcare
providers, potentially affecting the care provided to patients.

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IMPLICATION OF VALUE CONFLICTS TO NURSING PRACTICE

• Communication and Collaboration: Value conflicts can strain communication

and collaboration within the healthcare team. Effective teamwork is vital for
patient safety and positive outcomes, and conflicts can hinder this collaboration.
• Patient Autonomy: Value conflicts may affect a patient's autonomy and their
ability to make informed decisions about their care. Nurses must balance their
values with the patient's right to make choices that align with their own values
and preferences.
• Job Satisfaction: Repeated value conflicts can lead to job dissatisfaction and
burnout among nurses. When they consistently face situations that challenge
their personal values, it can take a toll on their well-being and job satisfaction.

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IMPLICATION OF VALUE CONFLICTS TO NURSING PRACTICE

• Legal and Ethical Issues: Value conflicts may result in legal and ethical
challenges. If healthcare providers make decisions that go against a
patient's wishes or best interests due to value conflicts, it can lead to legal
repercussions or ethical complaints.
• To address these implications, nurses and healthcare institutions often
implement ethics training, encourage open communication about values
and ethical issues, and establish clear protocols and policies to guide
decision-making in ethically complex situations. Additionally, ethical
committees and consultants may be involved in resolving value conflicts in
healthcare setting.
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 ADVANTAGES OF VALUE CLARIFICATION IN NURSING
PROFESSION

• Ethical Decision-Making: It helps nurses identify and clarify their personal values, which is
crucial for making ethical decisions in patient care. This clarity enables them to align their
actions with their values while adhering to ethical standards.
• Improved Patient Care: Nurses with a clear understanding of their values can provide
patient-centered care by respecting and addressing the values, preferences, and beliefs of
patients. This leads to improved patient satisfaction and outcomes.
• Enhanced Communication: Value clarification encourages open and respectful
communication among healthcare team members. When nurses and colleagues understand
each other's values, it promotes effective collaboration and reduces conflicts.
• Conflict Resolution: It equips nurses with the skills to manage value conflicts and ethical
dilemmas more effectively. They can engage in constructive discussions to find ethical
solutions when values differ.
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 ADVANTAGES OF VALUE CLARIFICATION IN NURSING
PROFESSION

• Personal Well-Being: Value clarification contributes to personal well-being

and job satisfaction for nurses. When they work in alignment with their
values, they are less likely to experience moral distress and burnout.
• Professional Growth: Value clarification is a part of ongoing professional
development. It encourages nurses to reflect on their practice and make
improvements, which can lead to career advancement.
• Compliance with Ethical Standards: It helps nurses adhere to the ethical
codes and standards set by professional nursing organizations and regulatory
bodies. This ensures that they maintain the highest ethical standards in their
practice.
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 ADVANTAGES OF VALUE CLARIFICATION IN NURSING
PROFESSION

• Patient Advocacy: Nurses can advocate for their patients more effectively
when they understand and respect their patients' values. They can represent
the patients' best interests within the healthcare system.
• Cultural Competence: Value clarification promotes cultural competence,
helping nurses understand and respect the values and beliefs of patients from
diverse cultural backgrounds.
• Quality Improvement: By promoting a culture of ethical reflection and value
clarification, healthcare institutions can improve the quality of care they
provide, resulting in better patient outcomes.
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