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    Homeostasis 2

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    Munkhjin Bayanmunkh
    The document discusses homeostasis, specifically the control of body temperature and blood glucose level. It explains that many organisms maintain a constant internal temperature through mechanisms that balance heat production and loss, regulated by the hypothalamus. It also describes how blood glucose levels are kept within a narrow range through the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to lower and raise glucose levels as needed. Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high, and can be type I from lack of insulin or type II related to diet and obesity.

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    Homeostasis 2

    Uploaded by

    Munkhjin Bayanmunkh
    8 views17 pages
    The document discusses homeostasis, specifically the control of body temperature and blood glucose level. It explains that many organisms maintain a constant internal temperature through mechanisms that balance heat production and loss, regulated by the hypothalamus. It also describes how blood glucose levels are kept within a narrow range through the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to lower and raise glucose levels as needed. Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high, and can be type I from lack of insulin or type II related to diet and obesity.

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    The document discusses homeostasis, specifically the control of body temperature and blood glucose level. It explains that many organisms maintain a constant internal temperature through mechanisms that balance heat production and loss, regulated by the hypothalamus. It also describes how blood glucose levels are kept within a narrow range through the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to lower and raise glucose levels as needed. Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high, and can be type I from lack of insulin or type II related to diet and obesity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views17 pages

    Homeostasis 2

    Uploaded by

    Munkhjin Bayanmunkh
    The document discusses homeostasis, specifically the control of body temperature and blood glucose level. It explains that many organisms maintain a constant internal temperature through mechanisms that balance heat production and loss, regulated by the hypothalamus. It also describes how blood glucose levels are kept within a narrow range through the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to lower and raise glucose levels as needed. Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high, and can be type I from lack of insulin or type II related to diet and obesity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Homeostasis

    Control of body temperature


    Control of blood glucose level
    IGCSE Biology
    The importance of a constant temperature
    Many biological and physical processes are affected by temperature.
    For example:
    • Enzymes work best at their optimum temperature, and are denatured
    by wide deviations from this
    • Cell membranes become fragile as temperature rises
    • Diffusion rates are increased by higher temperatures, and decreased
    by lower ones
    • Liquids such as blood become more viscous(thicker) as the
    temperature falls.
    The importance of a constant temperature
    Birds and mammals are endotherms(inside heat) – they can maintain a
    constant body temperature by generating heat internally.
    Humans have several mechanisms which work non-stop to balance
    heat production against heat loss, as shown in the diagram below.
    This balance is achieved by a temperature control centre in the
    hypothalamus, a region of the brain.
    An endothermic animal maintains an ideal body
    temperature by balancing heat losses and heat gains.
    The role of the skin
    As the barrier between the body and its environment, the skin is also
    the main organ concerned with heat loss and heat conservation.
    The role of the skin
    The role of the skin
    The role of the skin
    Control of blood glucose level
    One of the functions of adrenaline is to increase the concentration of
    glucose in the blood for respiration. However, constant high
    concentration of glucose in the blood are harmful.
    The ideal concentration of glucose in the blood is normally maintained
    by two further hormones, Insulin and Glucagon. These are secreted by
    cells in the pancreas in response to changes in blood glucose
    concentration. They affect liver, fat tissue and muscle.
    Control of blood glucose level
    • Insulin – is released when blood sugar is too high. It stimulates the
    removal of glucose from the blood.
    • Glucagon - is released when blood sugar is too low. It stimulates the
    release of glucose into the blood.
    Control of blood glucose level
    Insulin controls the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
    Glucagon controls the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
    • Glucose is a simple sugar and is soluble in blood plasma and cell
    cytoplasm.
    • Glycogen is polysaccharide and is insoluble.
    Glucose is therefore the usable form of carbohydrate. The way in which
    the blood glucose level is kept within safe limits is shown in the diagram
    below.
    Blood glucose level is under feedback control by
    the hormones insulin and glucagon
    Blood glucose level
    Glucose is the cells’ main source of energy, and it must always be
    available to them for respiration.
    So the body keeps a constant amount of glucose in the blood. This
    blood glucose level is usually maintained at about 1mg of glucose per
    of blood.
    What is diabetes?
    Diabetes is a condition in which the blood concentration is higher than
    normal.
    Type I diabetes: is usually the result of the pancreas failing to secrete
    enough insulin.

    Symptoms include:
    Excessive thirst, hunger or urine
    production
    Sweet smelling breath
    High ‘overflow’ of glucose into
    urine (test with Clinistix)
    Type I diabetes
    Long term effects if untreated include:
    • Premature ageing
    • Cataract formation (is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a
    decrease in vision)
    • Hardening of arteries
    • Heart disease.
    Treatment is by regular injection of pure insulin – much of this id now
    manufactured by genetic engineering.
    Type II diabetes
    A diet that contains too much fat and too much sugar can cause a form
    of diabetes.
    This Type II diabetes can be controlled by adjusting the diet to limit fat
    and sugar, and does not need injection of insulin. This non-insulin
    dependent diabetes is common problem of obese people.
    Homework

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