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    Lecture9 16 12 14

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    Hussain Gauhar
    This document discusses the chemical control of respiration, including chemoreceptors and the effects of carbon dioxide and pH on ventilation. It describes the central and peripheral chemoreceptors, noting that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels while peripheral chemoreceptors sense oxygen levels. It also discusses lung receptors like stretch receptors and irritant receptors, and their role in reflexes like coughing.

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    Lecture9 16 12 14

    Uploaded by

    Hussain Gauhar
    5 views29 pages
    This document discusses the chemical control of respiration, including chemoreceptors and the effects of carbon dioxide and pH on ventilation. It describes the central and peripheral chemoreceptors, noting that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels while peripheral chemoreceptors sense oxygen levels. It also discusses lung receptors like stretch receptors and irritant receptors, and their role in reflexes like coughing.

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    LECTURE9-16-12-14

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    This document discusses the chemical control of respiration, including chemoreceptors and the effects of carbon dioxide and pH on ventilation. It describes the central and peripheral chemoreceptors, noting that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels while peripheral chemoreceptors sense oxygen levels. It also discusses lung receptors like stretch receptors and irritant receptors, and their role in reflexes like coughing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    5 views29 pages

    Lecture9 16 12 14

    Uploaded by

    Hussain Gauhar
    This document discusses the chemical control of respiration, including chemoreceptors and the effects of carbon dioxide and pH on ventilation. It describes the central and peripheral chemoreceptors, noting that central chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels while peripheral chemoreceptors sense oxygen levels. It also discusses lung receptors like stretch receptors and irritant receptors, and their role in reflexes like coughing.

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    Respiratory System

    Dr Archna Ghildiyal
    Associate Professor
    Department of Physiology
    KGMU
    LECTURE:9

    Contents
    • Chemical control of Respiration
    • Chemoreceptors-Central
    -Peripheral
    • Effect of PCO2 and pH on Ventilation
    • Lung receptors
    • Cough Reflex
    Learning Objectives
    • Chemical Control of Respiration
    • Chemoreceptors:Functional organization
    • Ventilatory Responses:
    To changes in acid-base balance
    To CO2 excess
    To Oxygen lack
    Chemical control of respiration

    Chemoreceptors
    • Central: Chemosensitive Area
    -Beneath ventral surface of
    medulla
    -Located bilaterally
    • Peripheral: Aortic & Carotid Body
    Functional Organization of
    Chemoreceptors
    • A rise in PCO2, a fall in pH or PO2 of arterial
    blood increases respiratory neuron activity
    in the medulla.

    • Stimulus: a change in blood chemistry


    • Sensed by: receptors called
    chemoreceptors
    • Response:  rate & depth of breathing
    (minute ventilation)
    Central chemoreceptors
    (medullary chemoreceptors)
    • Location: brain stem, ventral surface
    of medulla, near I neurons
    • Project to respiratory neurons
    • Mainly sensitive to changes in
    PaCO2
    • A rise in PaCO2 effectively stimulates
    central chemoreceptors
    H+ is the Main Stimulus (in the
    CNS)
    • In chemosensitive areas of the respiratory center,
    increased H+ is the main stimulus

    • Blood-brain barrier is not very permeable to H+


    • CO2 (lipid soluble) easily diffuses across the BBB
    • CO2 diffuses into the chemosensitive regions of
    the CNS, H+ is formed and stimulates the dorsal
    respiratory group of neurones
    • Increase in respiratory rate
    Contd…
    • Central respiratory response to elevated
    PCO2 does not continue beyond few days
    • Due to Renal readjustment of H+ ion conc
    in circulating blood
    Effect of PCO2 and pH on Ventilation
    Peripheral Chemoreceptors
    • Located in carotid and aortic bodies
    • 2 types of cells
    Type I or glomus cells contain oxygen
    sensitive K channels (Chemoreceptors)
    • Sense arterial O2 levels (PO2)
    • Most sensitive at PO2 30-60 mmHg
    • Blood flow rate: 2000 ml/100 g tissue/min
    Peripheral Chemoreceptors
    Contd..
    • Low PO2 levels stimulates the dorsal
    respiratory group
    • CO2 & H+ conc –Rapid stimulation(onset
    of exercise)
    • The signal is sent to the respiratory center
    via the vagus or glossopharyngeal nerve
    • Type II cells are supporting cells
    Contd…
    • Arterial Pco2 &  H+(Peripheral
    chemoreceptor stimulation is 5 times as rapid
    as central stimulation,eg: during onset of
    exercise)

    • Dopamine initiates action potentials in


    sensory nerve

    • arterial Po2 & high Pco2 is greater than the


    sum of their individual effects
    Carotid body receptor and its
    response
    Integrated effects Of PO2,PCO2 & pH on
    alveolar ventilation
    Lung receptors
    • Pulmonary stretch receptors (also
    called slowly-adapting pulmonary
    stretch receptors) Responsible for
    the Hering-Breuer reflex
    • J receptors (juxta-capillary receptors)
    • Irritant receptors (also called rapidly-
    adapting pulmonary stretch receptors)
    Irritant receptors
    • Location: Trachea,major airways,mostly
    in Larynx & Carina(point where trachea
    divides into bronchi)
    • Stimulus: Cold air,Mucus,Dust
    • Via Vagus to CNS
    • Response:
    Bronchoconstriction,Hyperpnoea(deepr &
    rapid breathing than normal),Cough
    Cough reflex

    • Stimulus: noxious gas,foreign body


    • Receptors: irritant (airway,larynx,carina)
    • Mechanism:Sequence of events-
    • Deep inspiration
    • Closure of epiglottis & vocal chords
    • Contraction of expiratory muscles
    including abdominal muscles
    Contd…
    • Steep rise in lung pressure( due to closed
    outlet)
    • Sudden opening of epiglottis & VC
    • Explosive release of air from lungs
    • Particle blown out
    References

    • Guyton & Hall.Text book of Medical


    Physiology
    • Ganong’s Review of Medical
    Physiology
    • Berne & Levy Physiology
    • http://meded.ucsd.edu/ifp/jwest/resp_
    phys/student_files.html
    Question:1
    Raised alveolar Pco2 though a respiratory
    stimulant,can cause respiratory depression
    when the level(in mm Hg) exeeds:

    A) 10

    B) 20

    C) 40

    D) 60
    Question:2
    Carotid bodies have:

    A) Glomus cells
    B) Innervated by vagus
    C) Blood flow of 200ml/g/min
    D) High A-V difference
    Question:3
    Type I or Glomus cells contain
    chemoreceptor as:
    A) O2 sensitiveNa channels
    B) CO2 sensitive K channels
    C) CO2 sensitive Na channels
    D) O2 sensitive K channels
    Question:4
    The peripheral Chemoreceptors:
    A) Have a nonlinear response to paO2
    changes
    B) Respond to increase in PaO2
    C) Respond to a fall in PaCO2
    D) Are in the carotid sinus
    Question:5

    Highest density of Irritant receptors is


    present at
    A)Trachea
    B)Bronchioles
    C)Alveoli
    D)Larynx
    Answers

    1- D
    2- A
    3- D
    4- A
    5- D

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