LOB Lecture 1
LOB Lecture 1
LOB Lecture 1
Workshop on
Soft Skills and
Personality
Development
Lecture No.1
“You become what you think”
TOTI
EMUL
ESTO
The
The Language
Language isis English:
English: To
To Tie
Tie Mules
Mules To
To
TOTI
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What
What do
do you
you see?
see?
What
What do
do you
you see
see now?
now?
What
What colour
colour comes
comes to
to mind?
mind?
Why
Why We
We Study
Study Perceptions?
Perceptions?
To better understand
We don’t see reality. We interpret it.
The attribution process guides our behaviour,
What
What isis Perception?
Perception?
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their
sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.
“Perception is an important mediating cognitive process
through which persons make interpretations of the stimulus
or situation they are forced with.”
Why it is important?
People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality
is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally
important.
What we perceive can be differentiated from objective
reality.
MEANING
MEANING
Perceptions differ from person to person.
Each individual perceives the same situation
differently.
Group perceptions can influence one’s perception.
Individuals organize and interpret things based on
their past experiences and the important values
they consider important.
Employees tend to behave and act on certain
things on the basis of their perception.
NATURE
NATURE OF
OF PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION
1)Perception is the process by which an individual gives
meaning to the environment.
Stimuli Actions
Receiving->Selecting->Organising->Interpreting
Self-Serving Bias
– The tendency for individuals to attribute their own
successes to internal factors while putting the
blame for failures on external factors
– It is “our” success but “their” failure
Frequently
Frequently Used
Used Shortcuts
Shortcuts in
in Judging
Judging Others
Others
Selective Perception
– People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of
their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
Contrast Effects
– Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected
by comparisons with other people recently encountered
who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Halo Effect
– Drawing a general impression about an individual on the
basis of a single characteristic or trait.
– Whatever the trait is, it may override all other traits in
forming the perception of the person.
– It’s opposite is “Horns effect” where a person is degraded
because of single negative trait.
Stereotyping
Stereotyping
It is the tendency to perceive another person or judging someone
(hence social perception) on the basis of one’s perception of the
group, class or category to which that person belongs.
More often a person is put into stereotype because the
perceiver knows only the overall category to which the person
belongs.
But because each individual is unique, the real traits of the
person will generally be different from those stereotyped.
Stereotyping greatly influence social perception in today’s
organizations.
Profiling
– A form of stereotyping in which members of a group are
singled out for intense scrutiny based on a single, often racial,
trait.
Measuring stereotypes:
(2)
By identifying the salient characteristics attributed
to groups (relative to other groups).
e.g. Football players?, Car salespeople?, Actors?
Stereotyping:
Stereotypes involve generalizations about the
"typical" characteristics of members of the groups.
Prejudice:
A pre-formed opinion, an unfavorable one, based on
insufficient knowledge, irrational feelings, or
inaccurate stereotypes. Attitude toward the members
of some group based solely on their membership in
that group (can be positive or negative).
Discrimination:
Actual positive or negative actions toward the objects
of prejudice. unfair treatment of one person or group,
usually because of prejudice about race, ethnicity, age,
religion, or gender
Thanks to Allah