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C4 Factors and Polynomials

This document covers topics related to polynomials including adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing polynomials. It discusses key terms like polynomial, variable, coefficient, degree, and defines polynomials of different degrees. Examples are provided for long division of polynomials, the factor theorem, cubic expressions and equations, and the remainder theorem. Practice problems are included for students to work through related to factoring polynomials and using the factor theorem and remainder theorem.

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54 views44 pages

C4 Factors and Polynomials

This document covers topics related to polynomials including adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing polynomials. It discusses key terms like polynomial, variable, coefficient, degree, and defines polynomials of different degrees. Examples are provided for long division of polynomials, the factor theorem, cubic expressions and equations, and the remainder theorem. Practice problems are included for students to work through related to factoring polynomials and using the factor theorem and remainder theorem.

Uploaded by

kohtabs2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Factors and polynomials


Subtopics
• 4.1 Adding, subtracting and multiplying polynomials
• 4.2 Division of polynomials
• 4.3 Factor theorem
• 4.4 Cubic expressions and equations
• 4.5 Remainder theorem
Commonly used terms
• Polynomial
• Variable
• Coefficient
• Leading coefficient
• Constant term
• Degree
Names of polynomials:
Degree 1: Linear
Degree 2: Quadratic
Degree 3: Cubic
Degree 4: Quartic
Recap on handling polynomials
If and , find
Long division of polynomials
Recap on how to perform long division with numbers:
Long division of polynomials
Example: Divide by
Example 2
Divide by
Example 2
Simplify
Practice questions
Divide each of the following:
Factor theorem
Consider the worked example:

is a factor of

This can be written as ,


where is a factor of .
Factor theorem
, where is a factor of .

If we substitute ,
Factor theorem
From this, the factor theorem is proved.
Examples
being a factor of

being a factor of
Worked example 1
Show that is a factor of by
a. long division
b. factor theorem
Worked example 2
is a factor of .
Find the values of and .
Practice questions
Use the factor theorem to show that
is a factor of .
is a factor of . Find the value of
is a factor of .
Find the values of and .
is a factor of .
a. Show that .
b. Find the possible value of .
Cubic expressions and equations
Consider factorizing .
If you find out that , then a factor is .

With long division, you can work out

You can factorise the quadratic part easily.


With only one factor, you can fully factorise cubic equations.
Cubic expressions and equations
To find one of the factors, you must trial and error until one of the
numbers make the polynomial (Factor theorem)

Trial and error using factors of the .


Worked example 1
Factorize
Worked example 2
Solve
Worked example 3
Solve
Worked example 4
is a cubic polynomial where the coefficient of is 2.
Find when the roots of are .
Practice questions
Factorize completely
Solve
is a cubic polynomial where the coefficient of is 1.
Find when the roots of are .
Remainder theorem
Consider (Show with long division)
1 Is the remainder.

In the case of polynomials,


, where is not a factor of
Remainder theorem

Remainder is due to not being a factor of .


If we substitute again, we get:
Remainder theorem
Therefore, in the same way as the factor theorem, the remainder
theorem is proved.

*The factor theorem originates from this, because if is a factor of then


the remainder would be 0.
Worked example 1
Find the remainder when is divided by .
Worked example 2
Consider the polynomial
When is divided by , the remainder is .
When is divided by , the remainder is 9.
Find the value of and .
Worked example 3
Consider the polynomial .
has a factor of .
When is divided by , the remainder is .
Find the value of and .
Practice questions
Find the remainder when is divided by .
Consider the polynomial
has a factor of and leaves a remainder of 24 when divided by .
Find the value of and .
Consider the polynomial .
When is divided by , the remainder is .
When is divided by , the remainder is .
a. Show that .
b. Solve the equation in part a completely.
Summary
• Long division of polynomials
• Factor theorem
• Remainder theorem
End of lesson questions
a. Show that is a factor of .
b. Hence factorise completely.
Factorize completely the expression .
The expression has a factor of and leaves a remainder of 75 when
divided by .
Find the values of and .
The polynomial , where and are constants, is such that is a factor.
Given that the remainder when is divided by is twice the remainder
when is divided by , find the values of and .
The polynomial is divisible by . The remainder when is divided by is
times the remainder when is divided by .
a. Find the values of and .
b. Hence, factorize completely.

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