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    01 Linear Systems

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    Matematika Matematika
    This document contains notes from a lecture on linear systems of equations. The lecture covered lines and planes in 2D and 3D, respectively, and how to solve systems of equations with 2 and 3 variables. Key topics included using elementary row operations to put systems into upper echelon form, determining the number of solutions based on the number of pivots, and introducing the augmented matrix to represent systems of equations. Worked examples demonstrated solving systems and interpreting the structure of the solution set from the echelon form.

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    01 Linear Systems

    Uploaded by

    Matematika Matematika
    19 views54 pages
    This document contains notes from a lecture on linear systems of equations. The lecture covered lines and planes in 2D and 3D, respectively, and how to solve systems of equations with 2 and 3 variables. Key topics included using elementary row operations to put systems into upper echelon form, determining the number of solutions based on the number of pivots, and introducing the augmented matrix to represent systems of equations. Worked examples demonstrated solving systems and interpreting the structure of the solution set from the echelon form.

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    01_linear_systems (1)

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    This document contains notes from a lecture on linear systems of equations. The lecture covered lines and planes in 2D and 3D, respectively, and how to solve systems of equations with 2 and 3 variables. Key topics included using elementary row operations to put systems into upper echelon form, determining the number of solutions based on the number of pivots, and introducing the augmented matrix to represent systems of equations. Worked examples demonstrated solving systems and interpreting the structure of the solution set from the echelon form.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views54 pages

    01 Linear Systems

    Uploaded by

    Matematika Matematika
    This document contains notes from a lecture on linear systems of equations. The lecture covered lines and planes in 2D and 3D, respectively, and how to solve systems of equations with 2 and 3 variables. Key topics included using elementary row operations to put systems into upper echelon form, determining the number of solutions based on the number of pivots, and introducing the augmented matrix to represent systems of equations. Worked examples demonstrated solving systems and interpreting the structure of the solution set from the echelon form.

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    You are on page 1of 54

    Florian Rupp

    Calculus II for Management

    Linear Systems of Equations


    week 1
    Lecture 1
    • Lines in the plane & 2D
    systems of equations
    • Planes in space & 3D
    systems of equations

    Prof. Dr. Giorgi Chelidze, Prof. Dr. Malkhaz Shashiashvili &


    Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Florian Rupp
    Kutaisi International University
    Topics
    Lines in the Plane & Systems of Equations with 2 Variables

    Planes in Space & Systems of Equations with 3 Variables


    Determining the point of intersection of two lines, i.e. solving a system of
    two linear equations with two variables (1/ 4)
    Determining the point of intersection of two lines, i.e. solving a system of
    two linear equations with two variables (2/ 4)
    Determining the point of intersection of two lines, i.e. solving a system of
    two linear equations with two variables (3/ 4)
    Determining the point of intersection of two lines, i.e. solving a system of
    two linear equations with two variables (4/ 4)

    normalization
    of a variable
    Example:
    Applying the elimination procedure
    Example:
    Applying the elimination procedure
    Summary:
    Elementary operations to gain the upper echelon form

    Type 1

    Type 2

    Type 3
    Of course, depending on the mutual position of the two lines there can as
    well be no or infinitely many points of intersection

    consistent
    inconsistent independent dependent

    no solution one solution  solutions


    (parallel) (intersect) (identical)
    Example:
    The structure of the solution set
    Example:
    The structure of the solution set

    inconsistent

    no solution
    (parallel)

    independent

    one solution
    (intersect)

    dependent

     solutions
    (identical)
    Topics
    Lines in the Plane & Systems of Equations with 2 Variables

    Planes in Space & Systems of Equations with 3 Variables


    Planes and lines in the (Euclidean) space can be described in terms of a
    normal form that generalizes the form of a line in the plane (1/ 2)
    Planes and lines in the (Euclidean) space can be described in terms of a
    normal form that generalizes the form of a line in the plane (2/ 2)
    To solve systems with three variables, we again apply elementary operations
    to successively eliminate variables (1/ 5)
    To solve systems with three variables, we again apply elementary operations
    to successively eliminate variables (2/ 5)
    To solve systems with three variables, we again apply elementary operations
    to successively eliminate variables (3/ 5)

    back-substitution
    To solve systems with three variables, we again apply elementary operations
    to successively eliminate variables (4/ 5)

    back-substitution
    To solve systems with three variables, we again apply elementary operations
    to successively eliminate variables (5/ 5)
    What structural insights do we have obtained so far? (1/ 2)

    back-substitution
    What structural insights do we have obtained so far? (2/ 2)

    back-substitution
    To exploit the fact, that we manipulate the coefficients of the variables only,
    we introduce the augmented matrix (1/ 2)

    columns

    rows
    To exploit the fact, that we manipulate the coefficients of the variables only,
    we introduce the augmented matrix (2/ 2)

    columns

    rows

    numbers correspond to the


    coefficients of the variables/ numbers correspond to the
    unknowns right-hand side entries
    What do the numbers in the augmented matrix stand for?
    Exercise:
    Determine the augmented matrix
    Instead of the system of equations we now work with its augmented matrix
    and reduce this until a triangular form is reached (1/ 4)
    Instead of the system of equations we now work with its augmented matrix
    and reduce this until a triangular form is reached (2/ 4)
    Instead of the system of equations we now work with its augmented matrix
    and reduce this until a triangular form is reached (3/ 4)

    pivot
    element upper echelon
    form
    Instead of the system of equations we now work with its augmented matrix
    and reduce this until a triangular form is reached (3/ 4)

    pivot
    element upper echelon
    form
    Example:
    The structure of the solution set
    Example:
    The structure of the solution set

    pivot elements free variable


    Example:
    The structure of the solution set

    pivot elements free variable


    Example:
    The structure of the solution set
    Example:
    The structure of the solution set

    problem
    Summary:
    What do the upper echelon form and the pivot elements tell us?

    elementary operations
    number of the equation =
    Elementary operations:
    row i
    Type 1: Swap the positions of two equations/ rows in the augmented
    matrix
    Type 2: Multiply an equation/ row by a nonzero number/ scalar.
    ai,j Type 3: Add to one equation/ row a scalar multiple of another equation/
    row.

    column j Note: Elementary operations leave the solution set invariant, i.e. when
    = number of the unknown applied do not change the solution.
    Summary:
    What do the upper echelon form and the pivot elements tell us?

    elementary operations
    Summary:
    What do the upper echelon form and the pivot elements tell us?

    number of pivots number of pivots additional non zeros on the


    = number of unknowns < number of unknowns right hand side
    no additional non zeros on the no additional non zeros on the  no solution
    right hand side right hand side
     unique solution  free variable required
     infinitely many solutions
    Further Worked-Out Exercises:
    Calculus II for Management

    Topics
    • Gaussian elimination
    • Upper echelon form,
    rank, matrix-column
    multiplication
    Exercise
    Exercise
    Exercise

    Goal:
    Generate zeros
    below the pivot
    elements
    Exercise
    Exercise

    Hagar is the boss


    Exercise
    Exercise
    Exercise
    Exercise

    no solution:  many solutions: unique solution:


    a  -5 & ab = 2 a = -5 & ab = 2 ab  2
    Exercise

    no solution:  many solutions: unique solution:


    a  5 & b = 2a a = 5 & b = -2a b  -2a
    Exercise
    Exercise

    a)
    Exercise

    b)
    Exercise
    Florian Rupp

    Calculus II for Management

    Questions & Remarks?

    Thank You Very Much

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