3 Software Concepts

Computer Software
Computer Software
 Consists of
 computer programs and
 data files (different types)
that work together to provide instructions and data necessary for

carrying out a specific type of task
Software Classification
 Software is broadly divided into two classes:
 System software: designed to help the computer

carry out the basic operating functions
 Operating systems, utilities, device drivers
 Application software: designed to be used for a

specific purpose
 Business / Educational / Medical Software, Computer Games,
Web Applications etc
Software
Classification
Placement of Software
Application Software
System Software
Hardware
Example
Internet Explorer/ MS
Office/ Media Players and
so on.
Windows XP
Hardware
Another Example
Firefox/ Open Office/

Media Players and so on.
Linux
Hardware
Examples of Application
Software
 There is a vast array of application software
available for computers that assist in performing a
wide range of tasks
 Microsoft Office Suit: Word, Power Point, Excel
 Graphics Software: Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Paint, Picasa
 Database Software: Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft Access
 Internet & Web: IE, Outlook, Macromedia Dreamweaver
 Multimedia Software
 Codecs, CD ripper, video editing software
 Entertainment Software
 Over $6 billion of computer and video games are sold each year in
the U.S. alone
Operating Systems (OS)
Operating System (OS)
 The master controller for all of the activities
that take place within a computer
 Some of the major tasks carried out by the OS
 Manage system resources e.g.
 Processor
 Memory
 Storage resources
 Ensure that input and output proceed in an orderly
manner
 Establish basic elements of the user interface
Operating System
 Details of some of the OS services
 Memory Management
 Ensures that instructions and data from one area of
memory don’t “leak” into an area allocated to
another program
 If it fails, data can get corrupted, programs can
“crash”
 File Management
 Acts as a filing clerk
 Remembers the names and locations of all your files
 Keeps track of empty spaces where new files can
be stored
Operating System (OS)
 Note that the OS “hides” details of the
operation of hardware from the
applications
 This
 tremendously simplifies applications
 and removes their dependence on
particular hardware
Operating System: Example
 Various software work together in a chain of
commands to carry out a given task
The role of OS while accessing a printer

Operating System: Example
 The following were in involved in printing a document:
1. Microsoft Word
2. Operating System (Windows XP)
3. Device Drivers for the Printer
4. Printer
 Note that except the last one, all of the above are
software.
 But as a user your direction interaction is with the first
one only!
Operating System
 OS provides a user interface to interact with the computer
 Command-line user interface
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 Although OS mainly controls what happens ‘behind the
scenes’, many OS provide helpful tools, called utilities, to
control and customize your computer
 Launch programs
 Manage files
 Get help
 Customize the user interface
 Configure equipment
 A few Examples of computer utility software systems
 DirectX , Disk cleanup ,McAfee virus scan ,Norton antivirus
Microsoft Paint ,Telnet ,Scandisk
Operating System
 An OS is not strictly limited to computers!
 It is also present on PDAs, Mobile Phones etc [handheld
devices]
 Windows Mobile OS,
 Windows XP Embedded
 Used for automatic teller machines, arcade games, slot machines,
cash registers, industrial robotics and etc.
 Symbian OS
 open source operating system currently (2011)
used in Nokia Mobile Devices
 Palm OS
 For PDAs
 Nokia Series 40 and Series 60
 Windows CE
 optimized for devices that have minimal storage
PDA
A personal digital assistant (PDA),

also known as a palmtop computer, is
a mobile device that functions as a
personal information manager.
Where is OS stored?
 If the OS is small enough, it can be entirely stored in ROM.
 Usually OS for a computer is quite large so most of it is stored

on a hard disk.
How does the OS start working?
 Switching on a computer initiates a series of POSTs

(Power On Self Test).
 In IBM PCs a ROM-based firmware called the BIOS is in
control at this point.
 One of the functions of that firmware was to perform POSTs.
 In other IBM compatible PCs’, firmware compatible with
the BIOS is used.
 Next, the BIOS loads into RAM a very small program,
known as the bootstrap program, built into special ROM
circuitry housed in the computer’s system unit, and the
processors starts running it.
 Now, this small program will load the much bigger OS (e.g.
Windows XP) from the hard disk. Initially, the Windows’
Kernel is loaded.
How does the OS start working?
The boot process in modern computers
Six major events happen during the boot process:
 Power up: When you turn on the power switch, the power light is
illuminated, and power is distributed to the computer circuitry.
 Power-on self-test: The computer performs diagnostic tests of
several crucial system components (e.g., CPU, RAM, interrupt and
DMA controllers)
 Start boot program: The microprocessor begins to execute the
bootstrap program that is stored in ROM.
 Identify peripheral devices: The computer identifies the
peripheral devices that are connected and checks their settings.
 Load operating system: The operating system is copied from the
hard disk to RAM. Initially, the Windows’ Kernel is loaded.
 Check configuration and customization: The microprocessor
reads configuration data and executes any customized startup
routines specified by the user.
A little about the Kernel
 Kernel provides the most essential OS services

 such as memory management and file access
 It stays in memory all the time your computer is

powered on.
 Other parts are loaded into memory as needed

Firmware
 A term sometimes used to denote the fixed, usually
rather small, programs that internally control
various electronic devices
 E.g., remote controls, keyboards, digital cameras etc
contain firmware to enable the device’s basic operations
as well as implementing higher level functions
 Typically reside in ROM
 More complex reside in flash memory to allow for updates
Example of firmware
 Timing control systems in washing machine
 BIOS found in PC
 Controlling sound / video attributes, channel

lists in TVs
References
 Computer Concepts, by Parsons & Oja
[Chapters 3]

3 Software Concepts

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Computer Software

that work together to provide instructions and data necessary for

 System software: designed to help the computer

 Application software: designed to be used for a

Firefox/ Open Office/

The role of OS while accessing a printer

 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A personal digital assistant (PDA),

 If the OS is small enough, it can be entirely stored in ROM.

 Usually OS for a computer is quite large so most of it is stored

 Switching on a computer initiates a series of POSTs

 Kernel provides the most essential OS services

 It stays in memory all the time your computer is

 Other parts are loaded into memory as needed

 Controlling sound / video attributes, channel

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