Week 11 Updated

TCP/IP
MODEL
OBJECTIVES
Understand the basics of TCP/IP model

Understand the functions of the different layers and
protocols involved
Understand the Addressing mechanisms used under
the TCP/IP
Understand IPv4 and importantly IP address and IP
header format
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP model is a collection of protocols often called a

protocol suite. It offers a rich variety of protocols
from which we can choose from.
The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI
model.
The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI
model.
TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of
interactive modules, and each of them provides
specific functionality.
TCP/IP Model
• The TCP/IP Model separates networking

functions into discrete layers.
• Each layer performs a specific function and is
transparent to the layer above it and the layer
below it.
• Network models are used to conceptualize how
networks should work, so that hardware and
network protocols can interoperate.
• The TCP/IP model is one of the two most
common network models, the other being
the OSI Model.
TCP/IP MODEL
It is also called as the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is a

collection of protocols.
It is a hierarchical model, ie. There are multiple layers
and higher layer protocols are supported by lower
layer protocols.
It existed even before the OSI model was developed.
Originally had four layers (bottom to top):
1. Host to Network Layer
2. Internet Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer
The figure for TCP/IP model is as follows:
The structure TCP/IP model is very similar to the structure of the OSI reference model.
The OSI model has seven layers where the TCP/IP model has four layers.
The Application layer of TCP/IP model corresponds to the Application Layer of Session,
Presentation & Application Layer of OSI model.
The Transport layer of TCP/IP model corresponds to the Transport Layer of OSI model
The Network layer of TCP/IP model corresponds to the Network Layer of OSI model
The Host to network layer of TCP/IP model corresponds to the Physical and Datalink
Layer of OSI model.
The diagram showing the comparison of OSI model and
TCP/IP model along with the protocols is as shown below:
Functions of the Layers of TCP/IP model:
A. Host to Network Layer

This layer is a combination of protocols at the physical and data link layers. It supports all
standard protocols used at these layers.
B. Network Layer or IP
Also called as the Internetwork Layer (IP).
It holds the IP protocol which is a network layer protocol and is responsible for source to
destination transmission of data.
IP transports data by dividing it into packets or datagrams of same size. Each packet is
independent of the other and can be transported across different routes
Gateway
 A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a

key stopping point for data on its way to or from other
networks.
 In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that

routes traffic from a workstation to the outside
network that is serving up the Web pages.
 a gateway is often associated with a router. A router
is hardware—a small piece of computer/network-
related equipment that connects you to the Internet.
Transport Layer
Transport layer protocols are responsible for

transmission of data running on a process of one
machine to the correct process running on another
machine.
Application Layer
The Application Layer is a combination of Session,

Presentation & Application Layers of OSI models and
define high level protocols like File Transfer (FTP),
Electronic Mail (SMTP), Virtual Terminal (TELNET),
Domain Name Service (DNS), etc.
ADDRESSING IN TCP/IP
Physical Address
i. Physical Address is the lowest level of addressing, also known as

link address.
ii. It is local to the network to which the device is connected and

unique inside it.
iii. The physical address is usually included in the frame and is used
at the data link layer.
iv. MAC is a type of physical address that is 6 byte (48 bit) in size and
is imprinted on the Network Interface Card (NIC) of the device.
v. The size of physical address may change depending on the type of

network. Ex. An Ethernet network uses a 6 byte MAC address.
Logical Address
1. Logical Addresses are used for universal communication.

2. Logical Address is also called as IP Address (Internet Protocol
address).
3. At the network layer, device i.e. computers and routers are
identified universally by their IP Address.
4. IP addresses are universally unique.
Port Address
A Port Address is the name or label given to a process. It is a 16 bit

address.
iv. Ex. TELNET uses port address 23, HTTP uses port address 80
Specific Address
i. Port addresses address facilitates the transmission of data from

process to process but still there may be a problem with data
delivery.
iii. Such address are user friendly addresses and are called specific
addresses.
iv. Other Examples: Multiple Tabs or windows of a web browser

work under the same process that is HTTP but are identified using
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
Similarities between TCP/IP model and OSI model
 Both are the logical models.

 Both define standards for networking.
 Both provide a framework for creating and implementing
networking standards and devices.
 Both divide the network communication process in
layers.
 In both models, a single layer defines a particular
functionality and set standards for that functionality only.
 Both models allow a manufacturer to make devices and
network components that can work with the devices and
components made by other manufacturers.
 Both models simplify troubleshooting process by dividing
complex functions into simpler components.
Differences between OSI model and TCP/IP model
 OSI Layer model has seven layers while TCP/IP model has
four layers.
 OSI Layer model is no longer used while TCP/IP is still used
in computer networking.
 To define the functionality of upper layers, OSI uses three
separate layers (application, presentation and session) while
TCP/IP uses a single layer (application).
 Just like upper layers, OSI uses two separate layers
(Physical and Data link) to define the functionality of bottom
layers while TCP/IP uses a single layer (Link) for the same.
 To define the routing protocols and standards, OSI uses
Network layer while TCP/IP uses Internet layer.
 In comparison of TCP/IP model, OSI model is well
documented and explains standards and protocols in more
details.
Thank you

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TCP/IP

Understand the basics of TCP/IP model

TCP/IP model is a collection of protocols often called a

• The TCP/IP Model separates networking

It is also called as the TCP/IP protocol suite. It is a

A. Host to Network Layer

 A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a

 In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that

Transport layer protocols are responsible for

The Application Layer is a combination of Session,

i. Physical Address is the lowest level of addressing, also known as

ii. It is local to the network to which the device is connected and

v. The size of physical address may change depending on the type of

1. Logical Addresses are used for universal communication.

A Port Address is the name or label given to a process. It is a 16 bit

i. Port addresses address facilitates the transmission of data from

iv. Other Examples: Multiple Tabs or windows of a web browser

 Both are the logical models.

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