Hydraulics and pneumatics are both used to transmit power using pressurized fluids. Hydraulics uses pressurized liquids while pneumatics uses compressed air. Both systems include components like reservoirs, pumps, fluid lines, valves, and actuators. Hydraulics is commonly used in applications like heavy machinery and vehicle braking systems, while pneumatics is used in tools and manufacturing equipment. Measurement units also differ between systems, with hydraulics typically using English units and pneumatics using metric units as defined by the International System of Units.
Hydraulics and pneumatics are both used to transmit power using pressurized fluids. Hydraulics uses pressurized liquids while pneumatics uses compressed air. Both systems include components like reservoirs, pumps, fluid lines, valves, and actuators. Hydraulics is commonly used in applications like heavy machinery and vehicle braking systems, while pneumatics is used in tools and manufacturing equipment. Measurement units also differ between systems, with hydraulics typically using English units and pneumatics using metric units as defined by the International System of Units.
Hydraulics and pneumatics are both used to transmit power using pressurized fluids. Hydraulics uses pressurized liquids while pneumatics uses compressed air. Both systems include components like reservoirs, pumps, fluid lines, valves, and actuators. Hydraulics is commonly used in applications like heavy machinery and vehicle braking systems, while pneumatics is used in tools and manufacturing equipment. Measurement units also differ between systems, with hydraulics typically using English units and pneumatics using metric units as defined by the International System of Units.
Hydraulics and pneumatics are both used to transmit power using pressurized fluids. Hydraulics uses pressurized liquids while pneumatics uses compressed air. Both systems include components like reservoirs, pumps, fluid lines, valves, and actuators. Hydraulics is commonly used in applications like heavy machinery and vehicle braking systems, while pneumatics is used in tools and manufacturing equipment. Measurement units also differ between systems, with hydraulics typically using English units and pneumatics using metric units as defined by the International System of Units.
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BASIC
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATICS HISTORY
When liquids do work for us, we call it hydraulics. In our modern society, we use hydraulic power for a vast number of applications, from generation of electricity at hydroelectric power plants to the function of our dishwashers and the brakes in our cars. HISTORY
Mesopotamia Aqueduct Egypt Aqueduct
The origins of hydraulic engineering go back to the beginnings of crop irrigation. Ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt developed irrigation as a means to water their crops. As cities started to grow and spread away from convenient water sources, people needed more sophisticated hydraulic systems to supply them with water. HISTORY
Water Wheel
Water Wheels were another crucial hydraulics invention that revolutionized engineering. Often paired with aqueducts and canals, these systems used the energy of water to turn wheels, which, in turn, powered other devices, from mills that ground grain. HISTORY
Ctesibius Force Pump
The field’s founder is traditionally traced back to Ctesibius of Alexandria. He is a Greek
physicist and inventor, the first figure of the ancient engineering tradition of Alexandria, Egypt. The discovery of the elasticity of air is attributed to Ctesibius, as is the invention of several devices using compressed air. HISTORY
In 1648, French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal came to an important conclusion based on his studies of hydraulic fluids. He noted that when pressure was applied to a fluid within closed system, the pressure was always equally distributed in all directions, keeping the pressure within the system constant. HISTORY
Joseph Bramah
Pascal’s Law, as this concept was called, ensured that such closed systems became reliable sources of mechanical energy. Further experimentation led to the invention of the hydraulic press by Joseph Bramah in 1795. With small, flexible tubing, this invention could create pressure capable of lifting heavy weights and powering sophisticated machinery. MODERN
Modern hydraulic systems, such as the hydraulic cylinder, are designed to be much smaller and more convenient than the hydraulic systems of the past, while delivering high rates of power pressure. Modern systems are also not limited to the use of water as fluid, instead utilizing fluids with more ideal properties such as oil or synthetic compounds. INTRODUCTION Hydraulics Pneumatics
is used for the control, and is how air pressure powers and transmission of power using moves something. Essentially, pressurized liquids. It is a pneumatics puts compressed air to technology and applied science practical use by moving involving mechanical properties and applications like the tools and use of liquids. machinery used in the engineering, manufacturing and construction industries. EXAMPLE Hydraulics Pneumatics Hydraulics Pneumatics
COMPONENTS Hydraulics Pneumatics
COMPONENTS Hydraulics Pneumatics
COMPONENTS • Fluid: oil for hydraulic systems, air for pneumatics. 2. Reservoir: storage tank. 3. Hydraulic pump (compressor in pneumatics): converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by forcing fluid from reservoir into the system.
4. Fluid Lines: transport fluid to and from the pump through hydraulic system. 5. Valves: control pressure, direction and flow rate of the hydraulic fluid.
5. Actuator: converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy to do work.
Hydraulics Pneumatics
APPLICATIONS UNITS OF MEASURE
ENGLISH METRIC SYSTEM SYSTEM MEASUREMENT
Magnitude of measurements are typically given in terms of a
specific unit. In surveying, the most commonly used in units define quantities of length (or distance), area, volume, and horizontal or vertical angles. MEASUREMENT UNITS OF MEASURE
ENGLISH METRIC SYSTEM SYSTEM ENGLISH SYSTEM
English Units are historically units of measurements used in
medieval England which evolved from the Anglo-Saxon and Roman Systems. ENGLISH SYSTEM Samples: Length: 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet
Metric Units is a decimalized system of measurement developed in
France in late 18th century. Since the metric system is almost universally used, it is often referred to as the International System of Units and abbreviated SI. INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
The SI compromises a coherent system of units of measurement
starting with seven base units, which are the second (symbol s, the unit of time), metre (m, length), kilogram (kg, mass), ampere (A, electric current), kelvin (K, thermodynamic temperature), mole (mol, amount of substance), and candela (cd, luminous intensity) INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) METRIC SYSTEM Samples: Length: 1 meter = 1,000 millimeters 1 meter = 100 centimeters
Area: 1 square meter = 1,000 mm * 1,000 mm = 1,000,000 square mm 1 square meter = 100 cm * 100 cm = 10,000 square cm
Volume: 1 cubic meter = 1,000 mm * 1,000mm * 1,000mm = 1,000,000,000 cubic mm 1 cubic meter = 100 cm * 100 cm * 100 cm = 1,000,000 cubic mm
