FACULTY OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

BDA18301
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WORKSHOP II
SEM 2 SESSION 2022/2023

LAB REPORT
SKILL: PNEUMATICS

SECTION: 1 , 2 & 3
LECTURE’S NAME: TS. DR. SUHAIMI BIN HASSAN
GROUP DAY: 22/05/2023
GROUP MEMBER:
No. Name Matric No.
1 MUHAMMAD ABQARI BIN HAZNI BD220006
2 MUHAMMAD FITRI BIN ZAINI AD210140
3 KUGANESHWARAN A/L MUTHUVEL CD220004
 ASSESMENT FORM BDA18301

NO. PLO ELEMENT REMARKS FULL ACTUAL

MARKS MARKS
TW1 (a) On time 2 marks deduction for 5
1 every one day late.
TW2 (a) submission 5
TW1 (b) Contents is formatted/ 5
arranged properly,
TW2(b) Fulfill report
2 Font size (12), Times
requirement
new roman, single 5
spacing
TW3 Safety, punctuality, full
3 Attitude attendance, follow 5
instruction, proper attire.
LLL1 (a) 5 references and above
4 References 5
= 5 marks.
LLL1(b) Report consist of:
1) Introduction
2) Objective/scope
Completed
5 3) Methods/apparatus 5
report contents
4) Discussion
5) Conclusion &
recommendation
LLL2 (a) Explain the experiment
procedure via figures/ 5
Methods/discu diagram
6 LLL2 (b) ssion/ideas/rec Discuss the experiment
5
ommendation findings
LLL2 (c) Ideas/improvement of
5
better processes.
TOTAL 50
 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE
NUMBER

1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-5

3.0 OBJECTIVES 6

4.0 METHOD/APPARATUS 7-8

5.0 DISCUSSION/RESULTS 9 - 12

6.0 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION 13

7.0 REFERENCES 14
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our gratitude to God for enabling us to successfully complete the

workshop assignment assigned by our pneumatics lecturer, Ts. Dr. Suhaimi bin Hassan.
The entire group collaborated and dedicated their time and effort to overcome minor
issues that arose during the assignment. Fortunately, we were able to resolve these
problems and adapt effectively.

We would like to extend our sincere appreciation to Ts. Dr. Suhaimi bin Hassan
for his excellent guidance and comprehensive explanations throughout the workshop
lessons and assignment. Without his support, it would have been challenging to
complete the assignment accurately. He consistently provided assistance and direction,
allowing us to conduct thorough research and produce a high-quality outcome. The
assignment focused on pneumatic systems, including the practical application of
connecting components using compressed pressure as the power source.

Furthermore, we would like to thank our group members who remained united and
diligently worked together to deliver a well-executed assignment. Our collective
efforts, time, and sense of responsibility contributed to the successful completion of the
task. Throughout this process, we emphasized teamwork and actively shared ideas and
feedback, leading to continuous improvement of our project.

We hope that our hard work will yield numerous benefits for both ourselves and
our group assignment. By fostering an environment of collaboration and open
communication, we aim to enhance our project in various ways.

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 INTRODUCTION

Pneumatics is an engineering discipline that utilizes pressurized air or gas. In

various industries such as dentistry, construction, mining, and more, pneumatic systems
are commonly employed. These systems rely on compressed air or inert gases for
power. The pressurized gas, when controlled, can generate mechanical movement.

Pneumatic systems find application in numerous industrial settings, including car

production lines and mechanical clamps. There are two main types of components in a
pneumatic system: those that generate and transport compressed air (e.g., compressor
and pressure regulator) and those that consume compressed air (e.g., cylinders and
directional control valve). The system comprises two types of cylinders: single acting
and double acting. In the case of a single acting cylinder, when the air pressure is
released, a compressing spring restores it to its original position Refer in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Single Acting Cylinder

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 For double acting cylinder, it has two pressure port. When air enter through a
pressure port, it extends the piston. This forces air in the other end exit through another
pressure port. Refer figure 2

FIGURE 2: Double Acting Cylinder

Next component is a valve that shows 5 ports in each box and 2 boxes to indicate
it has 2 stages of operation- 5/2 Way Valve. Double-acting cylinders are normally
controlled by a 5-port valve which is operated by pilot air signals from two 3-port valves
causing a spool inside the valve to move to one side or the other.

Figure 3: Valve

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Pneumatic sensors, in various sizes and configurations, serve the purpose of sensing
within pneumatic systems. These sensors, which can include limit switches, act as
touch-sensitive devices. When these components are touched, they transmit signals to
initiate movement in other components. Consequently, there exists a diverse range of
pneumatic sensors to cater to the specific needs of different applications.

Figure 4: Pneumatic Sensors

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 Lastly, compressor is an essential component in a pneumatic system as it
pressurizes the air or gas, making it suitable for powering various pneumatic tools and
equipment. The compressor takes in ambient air or gas and then compresses it to a
higher pressure before delivering it to the system. There are different types of
compressors available, such as reciprocating compressors, rotary screw compressors,
and centrifugal compressors, each with its own advantages and applications in
pneumatic systems.

Figure 5: Air Compressor

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 OBJECTIVES

While completing the tasks during the pneumatic skills session, we are able to:

1) To identify the pneumatic components

2) To enhance drawing skills using symbols for all practices

3) To draw and install basic pneumatic components

4) To understand the functions of components

5) To practice teamwork while completing the task

Advantages of pneumatic:

1. Pneumatic systems exhibit simplicity in design and control. Standard cylinders

and components enable easy machine design, while on-off control facilitates
smooth operation.
2. Pneumatic systems are known for their reliability, requiring minimal
maintenance and boasting long operational lifespans. The compressibility of gas
helps protect equipment from shock damage, unlike hydraulic systems where
force is directly transferred through fluid. Additionally, the ability to store
compressed gas allows machines to continue running for a certain period even
in the absence of electrical power.
3. Pneumatic systems offer enhanced safety, as they have a lower tendency for fire
hazards. Furthermore, newer machines often incorporate overload safety
measures to further mitigate risks.

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 METHOD/APPARATUS:

Objectives:
1. State the pneumatic components
2. Draw and install basic pneumatic circuits
3. Understand the functions of time delayed valve
4. Draw and install time delay valve to cooperate a double acting cylinder

Equipment:
1. Double-Acting Cylinder
2. Push Buttons
3. 5/2 Way Directional Control Valve (DCV)
4. Limit switch
5. Logic OR
6. Logic AND
7. Time Delay Valve

Procedures:
1. The circuit is sketched to the tasks respectively
2. The components needed to build the circuit are identified
3. All components chosen are arranged on the pneumatic workbench
4. All components are connected specifically to one another
5. All connections have been checked
6. The circuit have been ruined through well

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Safety precautions:
First of all, it is important to mention some safety rules such as:
1. The task given cannot be started before the lecturer’s permission
2. The connection of the air hose should correct to components
3. The components should be handled with care
4. Use only good condition components
5. Make sure the air hose is not damaged
6. Replace the components to its place after use

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 DISCUSSION/RESULTS

Task 1

DOUBLE
ACTING
CYLINDER

PUSH
5/2 WAY
BUTTON A
CONTROL
VALVE

PUSH
BUTTON B

Figure 6

This task implements the basic construction of pneumatic system with two switch
buttons with a directional control valve, where the outcome is shown with the presence
of double acting cylinder. When the switch button A is pressed, the double acting
cylinder extends. On the other hand, the double acting cylinder will retract when the
switch button B is pressed.

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 Task 2:
Draw, install and commission a pure pneumatic control circuit to move a double acting
cylinder by pressing a push A and a push button B. The cylinder will return to the initial
position if the cylinder extends to the maximum stroke.

DOUBLE LIMIT SWITCH

ACTING
CYLINDER

PUSH BUTTON
A LOGIC AND

PUSH BUTTON
5/2 WAY
B
CONTROL
VALVE

Figure 7

From the task given, there are two push buttons labelled A and B, double acting
cylinder, logic AND and limit switch. This shows that after pressing both push buttons
A and B, the cylinder got the signals to extend to its maximum and at the same time
touch the limit switch which in return contract after touching. The limit switch acts as
a sensor so that the cylinder can contract once touched.

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 Task 3:

LIMIT SWITCH

LOGIC AND A
DOUBLE
ACTING
CYLINDER
PUSH
BUTTON A
LOGIC AND B

PUSH
BUTTON B 5/2 WAY
CONTROL
PUSH VALVE
BUTTON C

Figure 8

In this task, three push buttons are involved with 5/2 way directional control valve
including logic switches and a limit switch. When both switch A and B are pressed the
cylinder activates and extends. When it touches the limit switch, the logic switch allows
it to retract. This is for multiple actions without discontinue of cylinder activation.
When a single movement is needed, then switch C is pressed to activate it for only once
according to the needs.

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 Task 4:

LIMIT SWITCH
DOUBLE-
ACTING
CYLINDER
5/2 WAY
CONTROL
VALVE

PUSH
TIME DELAY
BUTTON
VALVE

Figure 9

A double acting cylinder is used to press the glued components. Upon operation of a
push button, the clamping cylinder extends and trips a roller over the valve. Once the
fully extended position is reached, the cylinder is to remain for a time for 6 seconds and
then immediately retract to the initial position. A new start cycle is only possible after
the cylinder has fully retracted.

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 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION

In summary, we have successfully achieved all the objectives of the assignment.

Pneumatic systems offer numerous advantages, including effective mechanical motion,
durability, reliability, simple design, and adaptability, making them highly favoured in
various industries. These systems utilize gas or compressed air as a safe power source,
eliminating potential harm to users even in the event of leakage, as there is no risk of
fire. Precautionary measures for pneumatic systems are straightforward, with air hoses
used to connect components, and any defects can be quickly identified, reducing the
likelihood of failures. Moreover, pneumatic systems are cost-effective and widely
employed in production lines, such as car manufacturing. In conclusion, studying and
mastering pneumatic systems is crucial to harness their benefits in future applications.

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 REFERENCES

1. Hafner Pneumatik (2023). Basic Concepts of Pneumatics. Retrieved

from:https://www.hafnerpneumatik.com/basic_concepts_of_pne
umatics?desktop=true
2. Explain that stuffs (2023). What is pneumatics? Retrieved from:
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/pneumatics.html
3. Festo (2023). Pneumatic cylinders. Retrieved from:
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/pneumatics.html
4. Trimantec (2023). What’s the difference between single and double
acting pneumatic cylinders? Retrieved from:
https://trimantec.com/blogs/t/difference-between-single-and-
double-acting-pneumatic-cylinders
5. The Mechanical Engineering.com (2023). Pneumatic System:
Definition, Components, Working, Advantages. Retrieved from:
https://themechanicalengineering.com/pneumatic-system/

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