Introduction in Myco Viro

Mycology
RIGIL-KENT JOSEPH F. BATISTIL, RMT

Introduction
Mycology
◦ Discovered in 1600
◦ study of Fungi
Fungi – Greek: “mykes”

◦ Aka mushroom
◦ Grow in irregular masses
Layman’s Terms:
◦ Mushroom, mildew, puffballs, bracket fungi
Characteristics of Fungi
Eukaryotic cells which lack chlorophyll
◦ 3 principal parts:
◦ Nucleus with chromosomal DNA and a RNA rich
nucleolus within nuclear membrane
◦ Cytoplasm or plasma membrane – with lipid
glycoproteins, as well as ergosterol
◦ Rigid cell wall
Most fungi are obligate or facultative aerobes
Absorbs nutrients through the environment
They are chemotrophic
Other fungi like Cryptococcus neoformans posses a
polysaccharide capsule
Functions of Cell Wall and capsule
◦ Protection
◦ Transport of Substances
◦ Involved in host response
With complex morphology than the bacteria
Fungi Bacteria
Classification Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Size Large Small
Structure:
Cell Wall Rigid – contains chitin, With peptidoglycan

mannan, B glucan
No peptidoglycan
Cell Membrane Contains sterols (ex. None
Ergosteroll + zymosterol)
Cytoplasm and Multicellullar with None
cytoplasmic content interdependent function
with membrane bound
organelles
Grow into two basic forms:
a) yeast
b) molds
* DIMORPHIC FUNGI
may reproduce either asexually or
sexually
Morphology
All fungi, with the exception of
yeast, are composed of filamentous
or tube-like filaments called
“HYPHAE”
Hyphae/Hypha
Basic structural
unit
Tube-like
structure
Join to form
Mycelium
(aggregates of
hypha)
CLASSIFICATION
Hyphae/Hypha
Aseptate/Coenocytic Hypha
 No cross-walls/division
 Ex. Zygomycetes (Rhizopus and Mucor)
Septate Hypha
 With cross-walls/ division
 All fungi except Zygomycetes
TYPES OF HYPHAE
Favic Chandelier (Moose Antlers)
TYPES OF HYPHAE
Rhizoids: Root like
TYPES OF HYPHAE
Racquet: Club shape
TYPES OF HYPHAE
Spiral: tightly coiled
TYPES OF HYPHAE
Pectinate: Broken Comb
Mycelium
The mass of growing hyphae
3 types:
◦ Aerial Mycelium
◦ Reproductive
Mycelium
◦ Portion projecting above
the substrate and capable
of forming the spores
◦ Vegetative/Thallus
Mycelium
◦ Penetrates into the
substrate and absorbs
food
Yeasts Unicellular fungi
which reproduce by
budding
On culture - produce
smooth, creamy
colonies
e. g Cryptococcus
neoformans
(capsulated yeast)
Yeast like fungi
Grow partly as
yeasts and partly as
elongated cells
resembling hyphae
which are called
pseudo hyphae.
e.g. Candida albicans
Molds/ Filamentous fungi
Form true mycelia &
reproduce by formation of
different types of spores.
Vegetative/ aerial hyphae
e.g. Rhizopus, Mucor
Two Growth Phases of Fungi
Yeast
◦ Produces creamy
colonies
resembling
bacterial
colonies
Mold
◦ Cottony mycelial
mass
Yeast vs. Molds
Yeast Molds
Unicellular, round Multicellular, filamentous

- forms long tubes of hypha,
occurs as branching strands of cells
and hypha may have intracellular
division or crossing (septate or
aseptate)
Reproduce by budding (extrusion of Reproduce asexually by
daughter cells) or by fission fragmentation
(splitting of cells)
Temp requirement: 35-37oC Temp requirement: 25-30oC
Colonial characteristic: moist, Colonial characteristic: dry, cottony,

buttery consistency with alcoholic velvety
odor
◦ Monomorphic – capable of single growth
phase (ex Sepedonium)
◦ Dimorphic – capable of 2 growth phases
◦ @RT – MOLD
◦ @ 37oC – YEAST (Tissue/In vivo/Invasive phase)
Examples: Sporothrix schenckii
Blastomyces dermatitides
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
◦ Polymorphism: both mold and yeast phase in the
sam culture; EXOPHIALA SPP.
***Stage infective to man:
MOLD
In man, the Mold becomes
Yeast
Meiosis
◦ Nuclear division and reduction
resulting in the formation of haploid
nuclei without the cytoplasm
◦ Chromosome number contained with
haploid nuclei is ½ the number of
chromosome in the mother cell
Mitosis
◦ Division of nuclear chromosome and
cytoplasm resulting to 2 daughter
cells
Life Cycle of Fungi
Somatic Phase
◦ Characterized by feeding or trophic
activities and also in the absorption of
nutrients
Reproductive Phase
2 general types:
◦ Asexual or Imperfect State (Anamorph)
◦ Sexual or Perfect State (Telemorph)
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is carried
out by specialized fruiting
structures known as
CONIDIOGENOUS cells.
TWO COMMON
CONNIDIOGENOUS CELLS
 PHIALIDES: vaselike strutures that produce
phialoconidia
 ANNELIDES: rringed structures that produce
annelloconidia
Spores
For reproduction
2 kinds:
◦ Asexual Spores - Imperfect Fungi
(cannot reproduce sexually)
◦ Sexual Spores – Perfect Fungi (can
reproduce sexually)
Asexual Spores
Conidia - Arise from the side of the hyphae
◦ Microconidia – appear small and unicellular
◦ Macroconidia – large and multicellular
Asexual Spores
Blastoconidia – Derived from simple budding
Chlamydoconidia – thick-walled spores that are formed
during unfavorable conditions;
they germinate when the environment improves
◦ Terminal Chlamydoconidia - @ tip of the hyphae
◦ Intercalary Chlamydoconidia – whithin the
hyphal strand
◦ Sessile Chlamydoconidia - @ the side of the
hyphae
Blastoconidia Chalmydoconidia
Asexual Spores
Arthroconidia
◦ “Arthro” – joint (appear jointed)
◦ Derived from fragmentation of mycelium
◦ Barrel-shaped or rectangular spores
◦ Disjunctor cell – empty cell between each
spore
◦ Fungi with arthroconidia
◦ Coccidioides immitis
◦ Geotrichum candidum
Asexual Spores
Sporangiospores
◦ Asexual spores are enclosed in a sporangium
borne on a specialized hypha known as a
sporangiophore
Systematic classification
Based on sexual spore formation: 4
classes
1. Zygomycetes
2. Ascomycetes reproduce sexually
3. Basidiomycetes
4. Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfectii)
Sexual Reproduction
A fungus that reproduces
sexually known as teleomorph
ANAMORPH: asexual formed
SYNANAMORPH: more than
one anamorph is present for the
same teleomorph
Sexual Spores
Ascospores
◦ Enclosed in a sac-like
structure called ascus
◦ 2-8 spores
Zygospores
Derived from the fusion of 2
identical spores from the same
hypha
Sexual Spores
Oospores
◦ Derived from the
fusion of 2 cells
from non-identical
separate hyphae
Basidiospores
◦ Enclosed in a club
shaped structure
called basidium
TAXONOMY
DIVISIONS
1. Zygomycota
2. Ascomycota
3. Basidiomycota
4. Fungi Imperfecti
(DEUTEROMYCOTYA)
Deuteromycetes or Fungi
imperfectii
Group of fungi whose sexual phases
are not identified.
Grow as molds as well as yeasts.
Asexual stage – conidia
e.g. Candida, Cryptococcus
FUNGI IMPERFECTI
Include fungi that are not completely classified due to the
absence (not recognized) of sexual state
These include Candida, Torulopsis and Epidermophyton
CLASSIFICATION
1. ZYGOMYCOTA:
 often opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised
patients.
 Produce profuse gray to white, aerial mycelium
characterized by the presence of sparsely septate
hyphae
 Asexual reproduction is characterized by the presence
of sporangiophores and sporangiospore
 Sexual reproduction is zygospores
 Common zygomycetes includes: MUCOR, RHIZOPUS
AND ABSIDIA
CONT…
2. ASCOMYCOTA
• Characterize by the production of sexual
spores known as ASCOSPORES
• Formed within a saclike structure known
as an ASCUS
• Inlcudes: MICROSPORUM SPP;
TRICHOPHYTON SPP;
PSEUDOLLESCHERIA SPP.
CONT….
3. BASIDIOMYCOTA
• Few
• Only pathogen is Filobasidiella
neoformans the perfect form of
Cryptococcus neoformans var.
neoformans
• One clue that a mould is basidiomycetes
is the presence of CLAMP CONNECTIONS
THANK YOU!
QUIZ AFTER 10 MINS   
1. TRUE OF FALSE: Fungi cell wall
contain chitin.
2. TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi are
prokaryotic cell.
3. And 4: Two Basic forms of fungi.
5. And 6: Based on your answer in
number 3 and 4. What is the
temperature requirements
respectively?
7. Fungi capable of producing two forms.
8, 9 and 10: Based on your answer in no.7.
Give at least 3 example of fungi.

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Mycology

RIGIL-KENT JOSEPH F. BATISTIL, RMT

Fungi – Greek: “mykes”

Classification Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Size Large Small

Cell Wall Rigid – contains chitin, With peptidoglycan

Unicellular, round Multicellular, filamentous

Temp requirement: 35-37oC Temp requirement: 25-30oC

Colonial characteristic: moist, Colonial characteristic: dry, cottony,

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