Pectoral Region

Anatomy
BASIC SCIENCE 1
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF BARBADOS
Alade Olorunfemi E. M.D
The THORAX
PECTORAL REGION
PECTORAL REGION
• The pectoral region is external to the anterior thoracic wall and anchors
the upper limb to the trunk. It consists of:
• a superficial compartment containing skin, superficial fascia, and breasts;
and
• a deep compartment containing muscles and associated structures.
• Nerves, vessels, and lymphatics in the superficial compartment emerge
from the thoracic wall, the axilla, and the neck.
THE Breast
THE Breast
• The breasts consist of mammary glands and associated skin and connective
tissues. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands in the superficial fascia
anterior to the pectoral muscles and the anterior thoracic wall .
• The breast lies on deep fascia related to the pectoralis major muscle and other
surrounding muscles. A layer of loose connective tissue (the retromammary space)
separates the breast from the deep fascia and provides some degree of movement
over underlying structures.
• The base, or attached surface, of each breast extends vertically from ribs 2 to 6,
and transversely from the sternum to as far laterally as the midaxillary line.
Muscles of the pectoral region
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function
Subclavius Rib I at junction between rib Groove on inferior Nerve to Pulls clavicle medially to
and costal cartilage surface of middle third Subclavius stabilize sternoclavicular
of clavicle joint
Anterior surfaces of the third Coracoid process of Medial pectoral Depresses tip of shoulder;
fourth and fifth ribs, and scapula nerves protracts scapula
deep fascia overlying the
related intercostal spaces
THORACIC WALL
• The thoracic wall is segmental in design and composed of skeletal
elements and muscles. It extends between: the superior thoracic aperture
bordered by vertebra T1, rib I, and the manubrium of sternum; and
• the inferior thoracic aperture bordered by vertebra T12, rib XII, the end of
rib 11, the costal margin, and the xiphoid process of sternum.
Thoracic vertebrae
• Thoracic vertebrae There are twelve thoracic vertebrae, each of which is

characterized by articulations with ribs.
• A typical thoracic vertebra - has a heart-shaped vertebral body, with
roughly equal dimensions in the transverse and anteroposterior directions,
and a long spinous process .
Ribs
• There are twelve pairs of ribs, each terminating anteriorly in a costal
cartilage.
• The costal cartilages of ribs VIII to X articulate anteriorly with the costal
cartilages of the ribs above;
• Ribs XI and XII have no anterior connection with other ribs or with the
sternum and are often called floating ribs.
Sternum
• The adult sternum consists of three major
elements: the broad and superiorly positioned
manubrium of sternum, the narrow and
longitudinally oriented body of sternum, and the
small and inferiorly positioned xiphoid process.
Joints
Intercostal spaces
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Muscle Superior attachment Inferior attachment Innervation Function
External intercosta Inferior margin of rib above Superior surface of rib below Intercostal nerves; Most active during inspiration;
l T1-T11 supports intercostal space; move
s ribs superiorly
Internal Lateral edge of costal groov Superior surface of rib below Intercostal nerves; Most active during expiration;
intercostal e of rib above deep to the attachment of the T1-T11 supports intercostal space; move
related external intercostals s ribs inferiorly
Innermost Medial edge of costal groov Internal aspect of superior Intercostal nerves; Acts with internal intercostals
intercostal e of rib above surface of rib below T1-T11 muscles
Subcostals Internal surface (near angle) Internal surface of second or Related inter- May depress ribs
of lower ribs third rib below costal nerves
Transversus Lower margins and internal Inferior aspect of deep surface Related inter- Depresses costal cartilages
thoracis surfaces of costal cartilages of body of sternum, xiphoid costal nerves
ofsecond to sixth ribs process and costal cartilages rib
s IV-VII
Arterial supply of the thoracic wall
Venous drainage from the thoracic wall
Lymphatic vessels of the thoracic wall
Innervation of the thoracic wall
DIAPHRAGM
• The diaphragm is a thin musculotendinous structure that fills the inferior thoracic
aperture and separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity .
• It is attached peripherally to: the xiphoid process of the sternum;

• the costal margin of the thoracic wall;
• the ends of ribs 11 and 12;
• ligaments that span across structures of the posterior abdominal wall; and
• vertebrae of the lumbar region.
The arterial supply to the diaphragm
The arterial supply to the diaphragm
• The arterial supply to the diaphragm is from vessels that arise superiorly and
inferiorly to it.
• From above, pericardiacophrenic and musculophrenic arteries supply the
diaphragm. These vessels are branches of the internal thoracic arteries.
Superior phrenic arteries, which arise directly from lower parts of the
thoracic aorta, and small branches from intercostal arteries contribute to the
supply. The largest arteries supplying the diaphragm arise from below it.
These arteries are the inferior phrenic arteries, which branch directly from
the abdominal aorta.
• Venous drainage of the diaphragm is by veins that generally parallel the
arteries. The veins drain into: the brachiocephalic veins in the neck;
• the azygos system of veins; or
• abdominal veins (left suprarenal vein and inferior vena cava).
Innervation
• The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves (C3 to C5), which
penetrate the diaphragm and innervate it from its abdominal surface.
Contraction of the domes of the diaphragm flattens the diaphragm, so
increasing thoracic volume.
• Movements of the diaphragm are essential for normal breathing.
THANK YOU!!!!

Pectoral Region

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pectoral Region

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pectoral Region

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Anatomy

• Thoracic vertebrae There are twelve thoracic vertebrae, each of which is

• It is attached peripherally to: the xiphoid process of the sternum;

You might also like