Electronic add Electrical

Enineering

PART 1: Electrical Circuits

2024 for BET
LECTURE 3
 Lecture 3

Equivalent circuits
 i1 i’1
v1 v’1
P in-1 Q i’n-1
n v n-1 n v’n-1

i  i1 i 2  i n 1  i '  i '1 i '2  i 'n 1 

T T

v  v1 v2  vn 1  v '  v'1 v'2  v'n 1 

T
T

3
 • Circuits P i Q are called
equivalent, if their mathematical
description is the same.

Model of circuit P

Model of circuit Q

fP  fQ
4
 i i’
Example 1
v S

j GS
v’
v
s

RS

1 1 1
v  vS  RS i v '   j s  i '  jS  i'
GS GS GS

1
vs  j S j S  v S GS
GS
1
RS 
GS
5
Three terminal resistive
circuits
 a Y circuit a Δ circuit.

R1 R2 1 i1 R12 i2 2
1 i1 i2 2

R3
v1 v2 R31 R23
V1 V2
3
3
 1 i1 R1 R2 i2 2
i1+i2
R3 v2
v1
3

v1  R1i1  R3 i1  i2   R1  R3 i1  R3i2

v2  R2 i2  R3 i1  i2   R3i1  R2  R3 i2
Equations (*)
1 i R12 2
1 i2

R31 R23
V1 V2 Equations (**)
3

R31 R12  R23  R23 R31

v1  i1  i2
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31

v2 
R31 R23
i1 

R23 R12  R31 i2
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31
From eqivalence of two circuis,
comparing coefficients of
Equations (*) i (**)
follows =
v1  R1  R3 i1  R3i2 R23 R31
R3 
v2  R3i1  R2  R3 i2 R12  R23  R31

R31 R12  R23  R23 R31

v1  i1  i2
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31

v2 
R31 R23
i1 

R23 R12  R31 i2
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31
v1  R1i1  R3i1  R3i2

R12 R31
R1 
R12  R23  R31

R31 R12 R31 R23 R23 R31

v1  i1  i1  i2
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31
v2  R3i1  R2  R3 i2

v2 
R31 R23
i1 

R23 R12  R31
i2

R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31

v2  R3i1  R2i2  R3i2

R31 R23 R23 R12 R23 R31
v2  i1  i2  i2
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31
 R12 R31
R1 
R12  R23  R31
R12 R23
R2 
R12  R23  R31
R23R31
R3 
R12  R23  R31
Gdy R12=R23=R34 =RΔ RY =1/3RΔ
 R1R2
R12  R1  R2 
R3
R2 R3
R23  R2  R3 
R1
R3R1
R31  R3  R1 
R2

IF R1=R2=R3 =RY RΔ =3RY

 R12 R31
R1 
Formulas
Formulasfor
for R12  R23  R31
R12 R23
R2 
R12  R23  R31
R23R31
R3 
Let
Letus
usconsider
considerthe
thesum
sumof
ofproducts:
products:
R12  R23  R31

R1 R2  R1 R3  R2 R3 
R122 R23 R31  R12 R23
2
R31  R12 R23 R31
2
 
R12  R23  R31  2

R12 R23 R31


R12  R23  R31

and
anddevide
devideboth
bothsides
sidesby
by
 R12 R23 R31 R12 R31
R1 R2  R1 R3  R2 R3  // R1 
R12  R23  R31 R12  R23  R31

R1 R2  R1 R3  R2 R3 R12 R23 R31 R12  R23  R31

 
R1 R12  R23  R31 R12 R31

R2 R3
R2  R3   R23
R1

Exemplary
Exemplarycalculation
calculation for
for
Example:
R1 Data: R1  1
i1 A
R2  0,5
vAC R4 R3  1,4
v i2 R2
i4 R6 R4  5
C R5  3
i3 R3 R5
R6  2
B
v  6V
The goal: calculations of Δ-connected resistors
currents e.g. i4
Basic step: calculation of voltage vAC
After transformation Δ =>Y we need to remember
positions of A,C points
 i1 R1 A
R46
R4
v i2 R2
R6
R3
C R65 R4 R6
i3 R5 R46   1
B R4  R5  R6
R54 R6 R5
R65   0,6
R4  R5  R6
Transformed circui:
R5R4
R54   1,5
i1 R1 A R46 R4  R5  R6
vAC
i2 R2 C R54
O

i3 R3 B R65

v AC   R54i2  R46i1
 i1 R*
R*  R1  R46  1  1  2
v i2 R**
0 R**  R2  R54  0,5  1,5  2
i3 R***
R***  R3  R65  1,4  0,6  2

v 6
i1    2A
1 ** 2  1
R  R
*

2
i2  i3  1A
v AC   R54i2  R46i1 v AC 3,5
i4    0,7 A
v AC  1,5 1  1  2  3,5V R4 5
 The Thevenin-Norton theorem

• A linear resistive one-port

The Thevenin theorem

AAlinear
linearresistive
resistiveone-port The
one-port TheThevenin
Theveninequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuit

• Any linear resistive one-port can be

replaced by a series connection of a resistor
Req and a voltage source Voc.
– where Req is an input resistance across the one-
port after all sources inside it are set to zero,
– Voc is a voltage across the terminals of the one-
port when the port is left open-circuited.
The Thevenin equivalent circuit parameters

Finding Finding
FindingVV0C0C
FindingRReqeq
The Norton theorem

AAlinear
linearresistive
resistiveone-port The
one-port TheNorton
Nortonequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuit

• Any linear resistive one-port can be

replaced by a parallel connection of a
resistor Req and a current source ISC
– where Req is an input resistance across the one-
port after all sources inside it are set to zero,
– ISC is a current flowing through the short-circuited
one-port.
The Norton equivalent circuit parameters

Finding Finding
FindingISC
FindingRReqeq ISC
Relation between Req, VOC and ISC

V0C  Req I SC  0

V0 C
Req 
I SC
Proof of the Thevenin theorem
I S1 , I S 2 ,  , I S m

mmcurrent
current
sources
sources

nnvoltage
voltage
sources
sources
connect
connectananadditional
additional
VS1 , VS 2 ,  , VS n current
current source tothe
source to theone-port
one-port
 From
Fromsuperposition
superpositiontheorem:
theorem:

n m
v   h jVsj   k j I sj  k 0 i
j 1 j 1

IfIfi=0,
i=0,v=V
v=VOCOC

n m
V 0C  h jVsj   k j I sj
j 1 j 1
setting
settingall
allthe
thesources
sourcesinside
insidethe
theone-port
one-porttotozero
zero

VS1  VS 2    VS n  0

I S1  I S 2    I S m  0

n m
v   h jVsj   k j I sj  k 0 i v  k0i
j 1 j 1

v
k 0   Req
i
 n m
v   h jVsj   k j I sj  k 0 i
j 1 j 1

n m
V 0C  h jVsj   k j I sj
j 1 j 1

v  V0C  Req i
are defined as in the Thevenin theorem.
are defined as in the Thevenin theorem.

equation describes the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

equation describes the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
the
theThevenin
Theveninand
andNorton
Nortoncircuits
circuitsare
areequivalent
equivalent
 Example

An
Anexample
exampleone-port
one-port Thevenin’s
Thevenin’scircuit
circuit
An one-port enabling to find Req

R1 R2
Req 
R1  R2
 An one-port enabling to find VOC

KVL :
E1  E2  iR1  iR2  0
v2  iR2

E1  E 2
i
v1  iR1

R1  R2
E1  E2 E2 R1  E1 R2
V0C  E2  R2i  E2  R2 
R1  R2 R1  R2
 Exam task

• For the one-port AB shown in Fig. A determine

Thevenin’s circuit.
• (i) Compute the current flowing through the
resistor R = 5Ω connected to terminals A and B.
• (ii) Compute the voltage between terminals A and
B when the parallel combination of R0 = 6Ω and I0 =
1A is connected to terminals AB.
Data:
Data:
RR1 ==RR2 ==12Ω,
12Ω, R3 =6Ω,
R = 6Ω, EE1 ==6V,
6V, EE2 ==3V
3V
1 2 3 1 2
 Solution

R1  R2  R3 i  E1  E2  0
E1  E 2
i  0.1A R1  R3 R2
R1  R2  R3 Req   7 .2 
R1  R3  R2
 E2  R2i  v0C  0

v0C  E 2  R2 i  4.2V
(i)(i)
When
Whenthe
theone-port
one-portAB
ABisis
terminated
terminatedby
byresistor
resistorRR==5Ω:
5Ω:

v0C
iR   0.34A
Req  R
(II)

Let
Letususreplace
replacethe
theparallel
parallelconnection
connectionofofRR0 0and
andI0I0by
by
an
anequivalent
equivalentseries
seriesconnection
connectionofofthe
thesame
sameresistor
resistorRR0 0
and
andaavoltage
voltagesource:
source:
EE0 ==RR0I0I ==6V
6V
0 0 0
R eq  R0 i 'vOC  E 0  0

vOC  E 0 4.2  6
i'    0.77 A .
Req  R0 7.2  6
From
FromKVL,
KVL,totothe
theclosed
closednode
nodesequence
sequenceACBA:
ACBA:

 R0 i ' E 0  v AB  0

v AB  R0 i ' E 0  6  0.77  6  1.38V

 Node method
A general, very useful and commonly
applied method enabling to analyse
resistive circuits
Based on the KCL and potentials of n-1
nodes (in reference to grounded node)
 Reference directions of the node
voltages

introduced
introducednode-to-datum
node-to-datum
voltages
voltages (nodevoltages)
(node voltages)

voltage between any two nodes ek and ej

voltage between any two nodes and
can be expressed in terms of node voltages
Grounded
Groundednode
node(0,
(0, can be expressed in terms of node voltages
datum, reference)
datum, reference)
v kj  ek  e j
voltage between any two nodes k and j

v kj  ek  e j
Example 3.2a

j6
R1 i i R2
1 2 3
1

2
e2
R4 R5
e1 R 3 e3
i4 i5 j7
i3

44
KCL n-1 equations
 i1  i2  i3  0
i1  i4  j6  0 j6  i2  i5  j6  j7  0
R1 i i R2
1 2 3
1

2
e2
R4 R5
e1 R 3 e3
i4 i5 j7
i3

45
Branch relations
v2 e2  e3
i1 
v1 e1  e2

i2  
R1 R1 j6 R2 R2
R1 i i R2
1 2 3
1
v4 e1
i4   e2
2

R4 R4 Rv1 vR2 5
4
e1 v3 R
v4  e1
3

v53
ve5  e 3
e
3
i4 i
i 3 i3   72j
R3 v5 R3 e3
v1  e1  e2 i5v2  e2 e3
v  eR5 R5
3 2
46
 Inserting branch relations into 
equation 1 (KCL)

i1  i4  j6  0
v1 e1  e2 v4 e1
i1   i4  
R1 R1 R4 R4
e11  e12  e1 1
11.   e1  e2 j6 j6
 R1R1 R4  R4 R1
OE1 2015
47
 Inserting branch relations into 
equation 2 (KCL)

 i1  i2  i3  0

v1 e1  e2 v2 e2  e3 v3 e2
i1   i2   i3  
R1 R1 R2 R2 R3 R3

e11  e2  e12  e13 e12  1

22..  e1       0
e2  e3  0

R1R1  R1 R2 R2 RR33   R2
48
 Inserting branch relations into 
equation 3 (KCL)

 i2  i5  j6  j7  0

e2  e3 v5  e3
i2  i5  
R2 R5 R5

e21 e3  1e3 1 
33..  e2    j5 ej37  0j6  j7
RR2 2 R
R R 
 2
5 5 

49
 j6
R1 i R2
1
1
Final set of node equations
i2
2
3

R4
e2 R5
R
e1 i4
3
e3
i3 i5 j7

1 1  1
1.   e1  e2   j6
 R1 R4  R1 1. G1  G4 e1  G1e2   j6

1 1 1 1  1
2.  e1     e2  e3  0
R1  R1 R2 R3  R2 2.  G1e1  G1  G2  G3 e2  G2 e3  0

1  1 1 
3.  e2    e3  j6  j7
R2  R2 R5  3.  G2 e2  G2  G5 e3  j6  j7
50
Example 3.1b
j6
R1 i i R2 3
1
1 2

v3
R 4e2 i3 R 5
vS R?
v3 e1 e2  vS e3
i4 i5 j7
i3

51
 Example 3.1b  equations
e1  e2 e1 1 1  1
1.    j6 1.   e1  e2   j6
R1 R4  R1 R4  R1
 e1  e2 e2  e3 1 1 1  1
2.   i3  0  
2.  e1    e2  e3  i3  0
R1 R2 R1  R1 R2  R2

 e2  e3  e3 1  1 1 
3.   j 6  j7  0 3.  v2    v3  j6  j7
R2 R5 R2  R2 R5 

4. e2  vS

52
 1 1  1
1.   e1  e2   j6
 R1 R4  R1
j6
R1 i i2 R2
1 3
1 1 1  1
2.  e1    e2  e3  i3  0
1

2
R1  R1 R2  R2
R4 e2 R5
evv3S
S
i4 i5 j7 1  1 1 
i3 3.  e2    e3  j6  j7
e1 R2  R2 R5 
e3

4. e2  vS

53
 Simplified set
1 1  1
1.   e1  e2   j6
 R1 R4  R1

4. e2  vS

1  1 1 
3.  e2    e3  j6  j7
R2  R2 R5 

54
Example 3.1c
i6
V
S
R1 i i R2 3
1
1 2
2
2

e2 R5
R4
e1 R3
e3
i4 i5 j7
i3

55
 e1  e2 e1 1 1  1
1.   i6  0 1.   e1  e2  i6  0
R1 R4  R1 R4  R1
 e1  e2 e2  e3 e2 1 1 
2.   0 2. 
1
e1   
1 1
 e2  e3  0
R1 R2 R3 R1  R1 R2 R3  R2

 e2  e3  e3 1  1 1 
3.   i6  j7  0 3.  e2    e3  i6  j7
R2 R5 R2  R2 R5 

4. e1  e3  vS

56
Simplified
Simplifiedset:
set:

1 1  1
1.   e1  e2  i6  0
 R1 R4  R4
1  1 1 
+ 3.  e2    e3  i6  j7
R1  R2 R5 

~  1 1   1 1   1 1 
1 .   v1    v2    v3  0
 R1 R4   R4 R1   R2 R5 

~ 1 1 1 1  1

2 .  e1     e2  e3  0
R1  R1 R2 R3  R2
~
3 . e1  e3  vS
57
 An algorithm
1. Let us choose any of n nodes as a datum (reference)
node. Our variables:
Potentials (node voltages) of (n-1) remaining nodes
and currents of ideal voltage sources.
2. Write (n-1) KCL equations for n-1 nodes (except datum
node!!!).
3. The currents of resistive branches express in terms of
node voltages.
4. Insert current relations from p.3 into KCL equations.
5. Complete the set of equation by node voltage relations
between terminals of ideal voltafe sources.
6. Solve the set of equations.
7. Find currents of resistive branches using relations
from p.3

58
Branch relations  how to express currents
in terms of node voltages vk , vl

v n vn  ek  el
l
k

ek  el
in 
in
e Rn
e
Rn
k
l

59
Branch relations  how to express currents
in terms of node voltages vk , vl

v n
l
k in

vS
e Rn
k
e l

ek  el  vS
in 
Rn

60
Branch relations  how to express currents
in terms of node voltages vk , vl

vn
l
k in

Rn vS
e k
e l

ek  el  vS
in 
Rn

61
Circuits containing nonlinear
resistors
G1e1  G4 e1  e2   i S1  i S2 ,
 G4 e1  e2   G2 e2  i5  0 ,
G3 e3  i5  i S2 .


i5  K e v5  1 
v5  e2  e3

 
G1e1  G4 e1  v S2  i S1  i S2 ,

 G4 e1  e2   G2 e2  K e  e3 e2   1  0 , 
G 3 e3  K e   e3 e2 
 1  i S2 .
 Homework
uvv3
j =g i
1 i1 R1 11 2 R3 i3 4
i7 v =b v 3
7 4 i9 i5
j
8 v i4
S9
j10
R
j =a v
6 3 R4 R5
2
R2 i2
V 12 = di1
i 12

5
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