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    Crystal

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    Arslan Zulfiqar Ahmed
    Crystals have a repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in three dimensions called a crystal structure. This atomic arrangement can be described using a lattice of points in three dimensions called a space lattice. The smallest repeating unit of the space lattice is the unit cell. There are seven basic types of unit cells that can be used to describe all crystal structures. Miller indices are a notation system used to describe planes and directions within crystal structures based on the fractional intercepts of planes with the unit cell axes.

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    Crystal

    Uploaded by

    Arslan Zulfiqar Ahmed
    9 views34 pages
    Crystals have a repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in three dimensions called a crystal structure. This atomic arrangement can be described using a lattice of points in three dimensions called a space lattice. The smallest repeating unit of the space lattice is the unit cell. There are seven basic types of unit cells that can be used to describe all crystal structures. Miller indices are a notation system used to describe planes and directions within crystal structures based on the fractional intercepts of planes with the unit cell axes.

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    Crystals have a repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in three dimensions called a crystal structure. This atomic arrangement can be described using a lattice of points in three dimensions called a space lattice. The smallest repeating unit of the space lattice is the unit cell. There are seven basic types of unit cells that can be used to describe all crystal structures. Miller indices are a notation system used to describe planes and directions within crystal structures based on the fractional intercepts of planes with the unit cell axes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    9 views34 pages

    Crystal

    Uploaded by

    Arslan Zulfiqar Ahmed
    Crystals have a repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in three dimensions called a crystal structure. This atomic arrangement can be described using a lattice of points in three dimensions called a space lattice. The smallest repeating unit of the space lattice is the unit cell. There are seven basic types of unit cells that can be used to describe all crystal structures. Miller indices are a notation system used to describe planes and directions within crystal structures based on the fractional intercepts of planes with the unit cell axes.

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    Crystal

    ► Ifatoms , ions or molecules of solid are


    arranged in a pattern that repeats itself in
    three dimensions , they form a solid that is
    said to have a crystal structure & is referred
    to as crystalline solids or crystalline material
    ► Example metals , alloys ,& some ceramic
    material
    Engineering importance
    ► The physical structure of material of
    engineering importance depends mainly on
    arrangements of atoms , ions or molecules
    that make up solid & bonding forces b/w
    them uhopy8u
    Space lattice
    ► Atomic arrangement in crystalline solids
    can be described referring the atoms to be
    the points of intersection of a network of
    lines in three dimension . Such a network
    is called space lattice
    Unit cell
     The smallest part of space lattice has all the
    characteristics feature of a entire crystal & is
    called a unit cell
    Crystal system
    ► Byassigning specific values for axial length
    & interaxial angels , unit cells of different
    types can be constructed . Crystallographers
    have shown that seven different types of
    unit cells are necessary to create all the
    point lattice these are shown as
    Bravais lattice
    ► Many of seven crystal system have
    variations of the basic unit cell . A.J .
    Bravias showed that 14 standard unit cells
    could describe all possible lattice network
    as shown
    Body centered cubic
     In this unit cell we see that the central atom
    is surrounded by eight nearest neighbors &
    it has coordination No. 8
     APF stands for atomic packing factor
     68% is occupied by atoms & 32% empty
    spaces
     It is not close packing structure
    Face centered cubic
    ► Its APF factor is 74
    ► It is closest packing
    Hexagonal close-packed C.S
    ► APF of both FCC & HCP is same , is 74
    ► Coordination No of both is same , 12
    ► The atom position for eight corner atoms
    of BCC unit cells are
    (0,0,0) (1,0,0) (0,1,0) (0,0,1)
    (1,1,1) (1,1,0) (1,0,1) (0,1,1)
    ► The center atom in BCC unit cell has
    position coordinates (1/2,1/2,1/2)
    Direction indices
    ► The position of coordinates of unit cell
    where direction vector emerges from cube
    surface after being converted to integers are
    direction indices
    the direction indices
    are enclosed by square brackets with no
    separating commas
    ► In above diagram , in figure (a)
    position coordinates (1,0,0)
    direction vector OR
    direction indices [100]
    ► position coordinates (1,1,0)
    direction vector OS
    direction indices [110]
    Miller indices
    ► The reciprocal of fractional intercepts (with
    fraction cleared) which plane makes with
    crystallographic x, y & z axes of three
    nonparallel edges of cubic unit cell .
    ► The edges of unit cell represent unit length ,
    & intercepts of lattice planes are measured
    in terms of these unit length
    Procedure of miller indices determining

    1. Choose plane that does not pass through


    origin (0,0,0)
    2. Determine the intercept of plane in terms
    of the crystallographic x, y & z for a unit
    cube
    3. Form reciprocal of these intercepts
    4. Clear fraction & determine smallest set of
    whole numbers
    ► The notation (hkl) is used to indicate
    miller indices in a general sense ,where h,
    k & l are miller indices of cubic crystal
    plane for the x, y & z axes ,respectively
    ► In diagram 3.13(a)
    reciprocal intercepts 1,0,0
    miller indices (100)
    Diagram3.13(b)
    reciprocal intercepts 1,0,0
    miller indices (110)
    Diagram 3.13(c)
    Reciprocal intercept 1,1,1
    Miller indices (111)

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