Biodiversity and Cladistics Group 8

BIODIVERSITY and CLADISTICS
Presented by Group 8
Biodiversity
• is the variety of all living things and
their interactions. Biodiversity changes
over time as extinction occurs and new
species evolve. Scientists often speak of
three levels of diversity: species, genetic,
and ecosystem diversity.
Species Diversity
• is the number of different species that are
represented in a given community. The
effective number of species refers to the
number of equally abundant species
needed to obtain the same mean
proportional species abundance as that
observed in the dataset of interest.
Distribution of known species per Biome in the world
and in the Philippines with species count
• In the Philippines, the country is renowed for its

exceptionally high biodiversity. It is estimated to
support 70-80% of the world’s species due to its
unique geographical and ecological features. The
Philippines is home to numerous endemic species,
which means they are found nowhere else in the
world.
Constituents of Species Diversity
Species diversity has two primary components:
• Species richness
• Species composition
Species richness
• the number of different species represented in
an ecological community, landscape or region.
Species richness is simply a count of species, and
it does not take into account the abundances of
the species or their relative abundance
distributions.
• In a forest, there may
have a large number of
different species (high
species richness) but
have only a few
members of each
species (low species
evenness)
Species Composition
• Species composition refers to the total number

of different living organisms within a given
biome or ecosystem. In a forest, the species
composition would refer to all the different
plants, animals, invertebrates, vertebrates,
bacteria, and fungi within the environment.
• Here is an examples of Species Composition:
Factors affecting Species Diversity
• I.Natural/Biological
• II.Artificial, Man-made or Anthropogenic Activities
I. Natural/Biological
• Genetic Diversity
• Habitat Diversity
• Climatic Conditions
• Food Availability
• Predation & Competition
• Reproductive Rates
• Disease and Parasitism
Genetic Diversity
This refers to the variation of genes within a species.

The greater the genetic diversity, the more variations
of traits a species has, which can contribute to a
higher species diversity
Habitat Diversity
Different species require different habitats to survive.

The more diverse the habitats in an ecosystem, the
more species it can support.
Climatic Conditions
The climate of an area can greatly influence the types

of species that can survive there. For example, a
desert climate supports different species than a
tropical rainforest climate.
Food Availability
The availability and diversity of food sources can also

impact species diversity. An area with a wide variety
of food sources can support a greater number of
species.
Predation & Competition
These are important factors that can limit species

diversity. Predation can reduce the population of
certain species, while competition for resources can
determine which species are able to survive in an
ecosystem.
Reproductive Rates
Species that reproduce quickly and in large numbers

can often dominate an ecosystem, reducing species
diversity.
Disease and Parasitism
These can also impact species diversity. Some species

may be more susceptible to certain diseases or
parasites, which can reduce their populations and
affect the overall diversity of the ecosystem.
II. Artificial, Man-made or Anthropogenic Activities
• Habitat Destruction
• Pollution
• Introduction of Non-Native Species
• Overexploitation
• Climate Change
Habitat Destruction
Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and land

conversion for agriculture or infrastructure development can
lead to the destruction of natural habitats. This can result in
the loss of suitable habitats for many species, leading to a
decrease in their populations and overall diversity.
Pollution
Pollution from industrial activities, agriculture, and waste

disposal can contaminate air, water, and soil. This pollution
can have harmful effects on various species, including aquatic
organisms, plants, and animals. It can lead to habitat
degradation, reduced food availability, and increased
susceptibility to diseases, ultimately impacting species
diversity.
Introduction of Non-Native Species
Human activities, such as the intentional or accidental

introduction of non-native species, can disrupt
ecosystems and negatively impact native species. Non-
native species can outcompete native species for
resources, prey on them, or introduce diseases, leading
to a decline in native species diversity.
Overexploitation
Overexploitation of natural resources, such as

overfishing or excessive hunting, can lead to the
depletion of certain species. This can disrupt ecological
balance and result in the loss of biodiversity.
Climate Change
Human-induced climate change is a major threat to

species diversity. Rising temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events can
alter habitats, disrupt ecological interactions, and affect
the survival and reproductive success of many species.
Biodiversity Index
Biodiversity index is a measure of the variety of living

organisms in a specific area, such as a simulated
Philippines Mangrove Forest. One commonly used
index is the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, which
takes into account both the number of species present
and their relative abundance. Higher values indicate
greater biodiversity.
For example, A 4 X 4 meter square area in the forest has 1 pine tree, 1 fern, 1 conifer
tree, 1 moss, and 1 lichen, for a total of 5 different species and 5 individuals. The
biodiversity index here is high, 5/5 = 1.
Phylogenetic tree
• is a diagram that represents evolutionary

relationships among organisms. Phylogenetic
trees are hypotheses, not definitive facts. The
pattern of branching in a phylogenetic tree
reflects how species or other groups evolved
from a series of common ancestors.
Here are examples of Phylogenetic Tree:
Thank You and
God Bless You

Biodiversity and Cladistics Group 8

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BIODIVERSITY and CLADISTICS

• In the Philippines, the country is renowed for its

Species diversity has two primary components:

• Species composition refers to the total number

This refers to the variation of genes within a species.

Different species require different habitats to survive.

The climate of an area can greatly influence the types

The availability and diversity of food sources can also

These are important factors that can limit species

Species that reproduce quickly and in large numbers

These can also impact species diversity. Some species

Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and land

Pollution from industrial activities, agriculture, and waste

Human activities, such as the intentional or accidental

Overexploitation of natural resources, such as

Human-induced climate change is a major threat to

Biodiversity index is a measure of the variety of living

• is a diagram that represents evolutionary

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