UNIT-4

 Concepts of Exception handling

 Exception hierarchy
 Types of exceptions
 Usage of try, catch, throw, throws, finally keywords
 Built in Exceptions
 Creating own Exception sub classes

 Concepts of multi threading

 Types of multi tasking, uses of multitasking
 Thread life cycle
 Creating multiple threads by using thread class
 Creating multiple threads by using Runnable interface
 Synchronization
 Program Errors

 There are basically 3 types of errors in a java program:

1.Compile-time errors

2.Run-time errors

3.Logical errors.
1.Compile-time errors:
 These are syntactical errors found in the code, due to which a program fails to
compile.
 For example, forgetting a semicolon at the end of the a java program, or writing a
statement without proper syntax will result in compilation-time error.

class CError{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(“Compilation Error…..”)
}
}

D:\>javac Cerror.java
CError.java:4: ';' expected
}
^
1 error
2.Run-time errors:
 These are the errors which represent inefficiency of the computer system to execute
a particular statement, means computer system can not process.
 For example, division by zero error occur at run-time.

class RError{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a=10,b=0;
System.out.println(“a/b: ”+(a/b));
}
}

D:\>javac RError.java

D:\>java RError
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at RError.main(RError.java:4)
3.Logical errors:
 These errors depict flaws in the logic of the program.
 The programmer might be using a wrong formula or the design of the program itself
is wrong.
 Logical errors are not detected either by the java compiler or JVM.
 The programmer is solely responsible for them.
 Logical errors means the logic of the program is wrong and these are identified after
observing the output.

class LError{
int sum(int a,int b){
return a-b;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
LError le=new LError();
System.out.println("Sum is: "+le.sum(20,10));
}
} D:\>javac LError.java
D:\>java LError
Sum is: 10
 What is an Exception?
 An Exception is an abnormal situation (or) unexpected situation in the
normal flow of the program execution.

 An exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a code

sequence at run time. In other words, an exception is a run-time
error.

 Because of Exceptions the flow of program execution is getting

disturbed so that program execution may continue (or) may not be
continued.
 Examples
• Division by zero
• Attempts to use an array index out of bounds.
• Number input in wrong format
• Unable to write output to file
• Missing input file
 Exception Handling
 Whenever an exception is occurred, handling those exceptions
called as “Exception Handling”.

 Performing action in response to exception

 Examples
– Exit program (abort)
– Ignore exception
– Deal with exception and continue
• Print error message
• Request new data
• Retry action
 Benefits of Exception Handling

 It allows us to fix the error.

 It prevents program from automatically terminating.

 Separates Error-Handling Code from Regular Code.

– Conventional programming combines error
detection, reporting, handling code with the regular
code, leads to confusion.

9
 Exception-Handling Fundamentals

 A Java exception is an object that describes an exceptional

condition that has occurred in a piece of code.

 When an exceptional condition arises, an object representing

that exception is created and thrown in the method that
caused the error.

 An exception can be caught to handle it or pass it on.

 Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time system, or

they can be manually generated by your code.

10
 (contd..)

 Java exception handling is managed by via five keywords:

try, catch, throw, throws, and finally.

 Program statements to monitor are contained within a try

block.

 If an exception occurs within the try block, it is thrown.

 Code within catch block catch the exception and handle it.

 System generated exceptions are automatically thrown by the

Java run-time system.

11
 (contd..)
 To manually throw an exception, use the keyword throw

 Any exception that is thrown out of a method must be

specified as such by a throws clause.

 Statements contained in the finally block will be executed,

regardless of whether or not an exception is raised.

 An exception is an error which can be handled. It means an

exception happens, the programmer can do something to avoid
any harm.

 But an error is an error which cannot be handled, it happens

and the programmer cannot do anything.
 Java Exception Class Hierarchy
…
EOFExceptio
EOFExceptio
nn
IOExceptio
IOExceptio FileNotFoundException
FileNotFoundException
nn
Exceptio
Exceptio ArithmeticExceptio
ArithmeticExceptio
nn
nn

NullPointerExceptio
NullPointerExceptio
RuntimeExceptio
RuntimeExceptio nn
nn
IndexOutOfBoundsExceptio
IndexOutOfBoundsExceptio
… nn
Objec
Objec Throwabl
Throwabl
tt ee
NoSuchElementExceptio
NoSuchElementExceptio
nn

VirtualMachineError
VirtualMachineError
Ex:
Ex: Stack
Stack overflow
overflow
Erro
Erro …
rr
Checke
Checke
dd
…
Unchecke
Unchecke
dd
 java.lang.Object
Exception Types
Throwable

Exception Error
Built –in Exception User-defined Exception

RuntimeException Checked Exceptions

Checked Unchecked
(java.lang.Exception)
Exceptions Exceptions

Un Checked Exceptions
(java.lang.RuntimeException)
 Exception

Built Exceptions User Defined Exceptions

Built –in Exception User-defined Exception

Un Checked Exceptions Checked Exceptions

Unchecked
Exceptions
 Exceptions Types
 Inside java.lang package, Java defines several exception classes.

 All exceptions are subclasses of Exception.

 Since java.lang is implicitly imported into all Java programs, most exceptions
derived from RuntimeException are automatically available.

 Furthermore, they need not be included in any method’s throws list.

 These are called unchecked exceptions because the compiler does not check
to see if a method handles or throws these exceptions.

 Exceptions defined by java.lang those must be included in a method’s

throws list if that method can generate one of these exceptions and does not
handle it itself. These are called checked exceptions.
 General Form of try-catch block

try{
// block of code to monitor for errors
}
catch (ExceptionType1 exOb) {
// exception handler for ExceptionType1
}
catch (ExceptionType2 exOb) {
// exception handler for ExceptionType2
}

//Here, ExceptionType is the type of exception that has occurred.

 Uncaught Exceptions
class Exc0 {
public static void
main(String args[]) {
java.lang.ArithmeticException:
int d = 0; / by zero
int a = 42 / d; at Exc0.main(Exc0.java:4
}
}

class Exc1 {
static void subroutine() {
int d = 0;
int a = 10 / d;
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero }
at Exc1.subroutine(Exc1.java:4) public static void main(String
at Exc1.main(Exc1.java:7) args[]) {
Exc1.subroutine();
}
}
• When the Java run-time system detects the attempt to divide by zero, it
constructs a new exception object and then throws this exception.

• This causes the execution of Exc0 to stop, because once an exception has
been thrown, it must be caught by an exception handler and dealt with
immediately.

• In this example, we haven’t supplied any exception handlers of our own,

so the exception is caught by the default handler provided by the Java
run-time system.

• Any exception that is not caught by your program will ultimately be

processed by the default handler.

• The default handler displays a string describing the exception, prints a

stack trace from the point at which the exception occurred, and terminates
the program.
 Using try and catch
 To guard against and handle a run-time error, simply enclose the code
that you want to monitor inside a try block.

 Immediately following the try block, include a catch clause that

specifies the exception type that you wish to catch.

 To illustrate how easily this can be done, the following program includes
a try block and a catch clause which processes the
ArithmeticException generated by the division-by-zero error:
class Exc2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int d, a;
try { // monitor a block of code.
d = 0;
a = 42 / d;
System.out.println("This will not be
printed.");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e) { // catch divide-by-
zero error
System.out.println("Division by zero.");
}
System.out.println("After catch statement.");
}
} Output:
Division by
zero.
A try and its catch statement form a unit. System.out.println("b: "
+ b);
// Handle an exception and move on.
System.out.println("c: "
import java.util.Random; + c);
class HandleError { System.out.println("b/c:
" + (b/c));
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("a: "
int a=0, b=0, c=0; + a);Division by zero. Division by zero.
b: 635388915 b: -1025942228
Random r = new Random(); }
c: 2049977621 c: 1479649026
for(int i=0; i<5; i++) { b/c: 0 } b/c: 0
} a: 0 a: 0
try {
b = r.nextInt(); b: 1508383197 b: 1864084761
c: -1038643924 c: 29995622
c = r.nextInt(); b/c: -1 b/c: 62
a: -12345 a: 199
a = 12345 / (b/c);
} Division by zero.
b: -431455168
catch c: 606293637
(ArithmeticException e) { b/c: 0
a: 0
System.out.println("Division by
zero.");
a = 0; // set a to
zero and continue
• The scope of the catch clause is restricted to those statements specified by the
immediately preceding try statement.

• A catch statement cannot catch an exception thrown by another try statement

(except in the case of nested try statements, described shortly).

• Displaying a Description of an Exception: Throwable overrides the

toString( ) method (defined by Object) so that it returns a string containing a
description of the exception.

• You can display this description in a println( ) statement by simply passing the
exception as an argument.
• For example, the catch block in the preceding program can be rewritten like
this:

catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Exception: " + e);
a = 0; // set a to zero and continue
}

When this version is substituted in the program, and the program is run, each
divide-by-zero error displays the following message:

Exception: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by
zero
 Multiple catch Clauses
• When an exception is thrown, each catch statement is inspected in
order, and the first one whose type matches that of the exception is
executed.

• After one catch statement executes, the others are bypassed, and
execution continues after the try/catch block.
class MultiCatch { // Demonstrate multiple catch statements.
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int a = args.length;
System.out.println("a = " + a);
int b = 42 / a;
int c[] = { 1 };
c[42] = 99;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Divide by 0: " + e);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Array index oob: " + e);
}
System.out.println("After try/catch blocks.");
} C:\>java MultiCatch
} a=0
Divide by 0: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
After try/catch blocks.
C:\>java MultiCatch TestArg
a=1
Array index oob: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
After try/catch blocks.
/* This program contains an error. A subclass must come before its super class in
a series of catch statements. If not, unreachable code will be created and a compile-
time error will result. */

class SuperSubCatch {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int a = 0;
int b = 42 / a;
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Generic Exception catch.");
}
/* This catch is never reached because ArithmeticException is a subclass of Exception. */
catch(ArithmeticException e){ //
ERROR - unreachable
System.out.println("This is never reached.");
}
}
}
 Nested try Statements
• The try statement can be nested.

• That is, a try statement can be inside the block of another try.

• Each time a try statement is entered, the context of that exception is

pushed on the stack.

• If an inner try statement does not have a catch handler for a particular
exception, the stack is unwound and the next try statement’s catch
handlers are inspected for a match.

• This continues until one of the catch statements succeeds, or until all of
the nested try statements are exhausted.

• If no catch statement matches, then the Java run-time system will handle
the exception.
class NestTry { // An example of nested try statements.
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
C:\>java NestTry
int a = args.length; Divide by 0: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
int b = 42 / a;
System.out.println("aC:\>java
= " + a);
NestTry One
try { // nested trya =block
1
if(a==1) a =Divide by 0: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
a/(a-a);
if(a==2) { C:\>java NestTry One Two
inta c[]
= 2 = { 1 };
c[42]
Array= index
99; out-of-bounds:
} java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Array index out-of-
bounds: " + e);
}
}
catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Divide by 0: " + e);
}
}
}
 throw
 Dealt with catching an exceptions that are thrown by the Java run-time system.

 Program can also throw an exception explicitly, using the throw statement.
The general form of throw is shown here:
throw ThrowableInstance;
Here, ThrowableInstance must be an object of type Throwable or a subclass of
Throwable.

 There are two ways you can obtain a Throwable object:

using a parameter into a catch clause, or
creating one with the new operator.

 The flow of execution stops immediately after the throw statement;

any subsequent statements are not executed.

 It finds the catch which is suitable, if it does find a match, control is transferred
to that statement.

 If not, then the next enclosing try statement is inspected, and so on.

 If no matching catch is found, then the default exception handler halts the
program and prints the stack trace.
class ThrowDemo { // Demonstrate throw.
static void demoproc() {
try {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
catch(NullPointerException e) {
System.out.println("Caught inside demoproc.");
throw e; // rethrow the exception
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
demoproc();
}
catch(NullPointerException e) {
System.out.println("Recaught: " + e);
}
}
}
 throws
 If a method is capable of causing an exception that it does not handle, then it
must specify some behavior so that callers of the method can guard themselves
against that exception.

 A throws clause lists the types of exceptions that a method might throw.

 You can use throws clause in the method’s declaration.

 This is necessary for all exceptions, except those of type Error or

RuntimeException, or any of their subclasses.

 All other exceptions that a method can throw must be declared in the throws
clause.

 If they are not, a compile-time error will result.

type method-name(parameter-list) throws exception-list{
// body of method
}
Here, exception-list is a comma-separated list of the exceptions that a method can throw.
// This program contains an error and will not compile.
class ThrowsDemo {
static void throwOne() {
System.out.println("Inside
throwOne.");
throw new
IllegalAccessException("demo");
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
class ThrowsDemo { // This is correct.
throwOne();
static void throwOne() throws
}
IllegalAccessException {
}
System.out.println("Inside throwOne.");
throw new
IllegalAccessException("demo");
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
throwOne();
}
catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
inside throwOneSystem.out.println("Caught " +
e); caught java.lang.IllegalAccessException: demo
 finally
 finally creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block
has completed and before the code following the try/catch block.

 The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown.

 If an exception is thrown, the finally block will execute even if no catch

statement matches the exception.

 This can be useful for closing file handles and freeing up any other resources.

 The finally clause is optional.

 However, each try statement requires at least one catch or a finally clause.

 Any time a method is about to return to the caller from inside a try/catch
block, via an uncaught exception or an explicit return statement, the finally
clause is also executed just before the method returns.
class FinallyDemo { static void procC() {
static void procA() { try {
try {
System.out.println("inside System.out.println("inside procC");
procA"); }
throw new finally {
RuntimeException("demo");
} System.out.println("procC's finally");
finally { }
System.out.println("procA's }
finally"); public static void main(String args[]) {
} try {
} procA();
static void procB() { }
try { catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("inside inside procA
System.out.println("Exception
procB"); caught"); procA’s finally
return; } Exception caught
} procB(); inside procB
finally { procC();
procB’s finally
System.out.println("procB's } inside procC
finally");
} } procC’s finally
}
 Java’s Built-in Exceptions
 Inside java.lang package, Java defines several exception classes.

 These exceptions are subclasses of the standard type RuntimeException.

 Since java.lang is implicitly imported into all Java programs, most exceptions
derived from RuntimeException are automatically available.

 Furthermore, they need not be included in any method’s throws list.

 These are called unchecked exceptions because the compiler does not check
to see if a method handles or throws these exceptions.

 Exceptions defined by java.lang those must be included in a method’s throws

list if that method can generate one of these exceptions and does not handle it
itself. These are called checked exceptions.
Java’s Unchecked RuntimeException Subclasses
Java’s Checked Exceptions Defined in java.lang
 Creating Your Own Exception Subclasses
 You can create your own exception types to handle situations specific to
your applications.

 To do this, define a subclass of Exception (which is, of course, a subclass

of Throwable).

 The Exception class does not define any methods of its own. It does, of
course, inherit those methods provided by Throwable.

 Thus, all exceptions, including those that you create, have the methods
defined by Throwable available to them.

 You may also wish to override one or more of these methods in exception
classes that you create.
 Every user defined Exception last word must be Exception since every
exception is a class.
E.g., AgeException
MarksOutOfBoundsException

 Whenever a superclass is Exception then that type of User defined

Exception is Checked Exception.
E.g., class XYZException extends Exception{
// body of the class
}
 If the superclass is RuntimeException then that user defined Exception is
unchecked Exception.
E.g., class XYZException extends RunTimeException{
//body of the class
}
class MyException extends Exception { // This program creates a custom exception
type.
private int detail;
MyException(int a) {
detail = a;
}
public String toString() {
return "MyException[" + detail + "]";
}
}
class ExceptionDemo {
static void compute(int a) throws MyException {
System.out.println("Called compute(" + a + ")");
if(a > 10)
throw new MyException(a);
System.out.println("Normal exit");
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
compute(1);
Called compute(1)
compute(20); Normal exit
} Called compute(20)
catch (MyException e) { Caught MyException[20]
System.out.println("Caught " + e);
}
}
The Methods Defined by Throwable
 Single Tasking
 A task means doing some calculation, processing, etc.

 Generally, a task involves execution of a group of statements, for

example executing a program.

 In single tasking environment, only one task is given to processor at a

time.

 This means we are wasting a lot of processor time and processor has to
sit idle without any job for a long time.

 This is the drawback in single tasking.

 Multi Tasking
 In multi tasking environment, several tasks are given to processor at a
time.

 Multi tasking can be done by scheduling algorithms.

 In this, most of the processor time is getting engaged and it is not sitting
idle.

Uses:

 To use the processor time in a better way.

 To achieve good performance.
 To make processor not to sit idle for long time.
 Concepts of Multithreading

 A multithreaded program contains two or more parts that can run

concurrently.

 Each part of such a program is called a thread, and each thread defines a
separate path of execution.

 Thus, multithreading is a specialized form of multitasking.

 There are two distinct types of multitasking:

 Process-based and
 Thread-based.
 Process-based vs. Thread-based

1. A process is a program that is 1. A thread is a separate path of

executing. execution.

2. Processes are heavy weight 2. Threads are light weight

tasks that require their own process. They share the same
separate address spaces. address space and cooperatively
share the same heavy weight
process.
3. Interprocess communication is
expensive and limited. 3. Inter thread communication is
inexpensive.
4. Context switching from one
process to another is also costly. 4. Context switching from one
thread to the next is low cost.
 Thread Life Cycle
Thread can exist in several states:

New State:
 After the creations of Thread instance the thread is in this state but
before the start() method invocation. At this point, the thread is
considered not alive.

Ready (Runnable) State:

 A thread start its life from Runnable state.

 A thread first enters runnable state after the invoking of start() method
but a thread can return to this state after either running, waiting,
sleeping or coming back from blocked state also.

 On this state a thread is waiting for a turn on the processor.

 Thread Life Cycle (Contd..)
Running State:
 A thread is in running state that means the thread is currently executing.

 There are several ways to enter in Runnable state but there is only one
way to enter in Running state: the scheduler select a thread from
runnable pool.

Blocked State:
 A thread can enter in this state because of waiting the resources that are
hold by another thread.

Dead State:
 A thread can be considered dead when its run() method completes.
 If any thread comes on this state that means it cannot ever run again.
 t( )
r
sta Schedular dispatch
 Thread Life Cycle (Contd..)
 Starting from the birth of a thread, till its death, a thread exists in different
states which are collectively called “Thread Life Cycle”.

 A thread will be born when it is created using Thread class as:

Thread obj=new Thread();

 A thread goes into runnable state when start() method is applied on it.

 That is void start() method is used to call the public void run() method.

 From runnable state, a thread may get into not-runnable state, when sleep()
or wait() or suspend() methods act on it.

 notify() and resume() methods are used to restart waiting and suspended
threads respectively.
 Thread Life Cycle (Contd..)

 yield() method causes the currently executing thread object to

temporarily pause and allow other threads to execute.

 ThreadDeath class will be invoked whenever the stop() method is

called.
 Single Thread System Vs. Multi Thread System

• Single-thread System use an • The advantage of multi threading is

approach called an event loop that the main loop, pooling
with pooling. mechanism is eliminated.

• A Single thread of control runs • Multithreading enables us to write

in an infinite loop, pooling a very efficient programs that make
single event queue to decide maximum use of CPU. Because
what to do next. ideal time can be kept to a
minimum.
• In a single-threaded
environment, when a thread • One thread can pause with out
blocks because it is waiting for stopping other parts of the
some resources the entire program. Java supports multi
program stops running. threading.
 Thread Class Constructors
1. Thread() Allocates a new Thread Object.
E.g., Thread t=new Thread();

2. Thread(String name) Allocates a new thread.

E.g., Thread t= new
Thread( “FirstChild”);

3. Thread(Runnable target) Allocates a new Thread object.

E.g., SecondThread st=
new SecondThread();
Thread t=new Thread(st);

4. Thread(Runnable target, String name)

Allocates a new Thread object.
E.g., SecondThread
5. Thread(ThreadGroup group, String name) Allocates a new Thread object.

E.g., ThreadGroup tg=new

ThreadGroup(“Image Group”);
Thread t1= new Thread(tg,”frist child”);
Thread t2= new Thread(tg,”second
child”);

6. Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target) Allocates a new thread

object.

Where group is the thread group, target is the object whose run method is
called.

E.g., ThreadGroup tg=new

ThreadGroup(“Image Group”);
SecondThread st= new SecondThread();
Thread t1= new Thread(tg, st);
 Thread Class Methods

 public final boolean isAlive() Tests if this thread is alive.

 boolean isDaemon() Tests if this thread is a daemon

thread.

 public final void join() throws InterruptedException

Waits for this thread to die.

 public final String getName() Returns this thread's name.

 public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException

Causes the currently executing thread to sleep for the
specified number of milliseconds.
 Thread Class Methods

 public static void sleep(long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException

Causes the currently executing thread to sleep for the
specified number of milliseconds plus the
specified number of nanoseconds.

 public static void yield()

Causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily
pause and allow other threads to execute.

 public static Thread currentThread()

Returns a reference to the currently executing thread
object.

 public final void setName(String name)

Changes the name of this thread to be equal to the
 Thread Class Methods

 public final int getPriority() Returns this thread's priority.

 public final void setPriority(int newPriority)

Changes the priority of this thread.

NOTE 1: The value of newPriority must be within the range MIN_PRIORITY
and MAX_PRIORITY (1 and 10), for default priority, specify
NORM_PRIORITY, which is currently 5. These priorities are defined as final
variables within Thread.

NOTE 2:A thread’s priority is used to decide when to switch from one running
thread to the next. This is called a context switch.
 A thread can voluntarily relinquish control.
 A thread can be preempted by a higher-priority thread.

 public final ThreadGroup getThreadGroup()

Returns the thread group to which this thread
 main Thread
 In every java program, there is always a thread running internally. This
thread is used by JVM to execute the program statements.

 When a Java program starts up, one thread begins running immediately.

 This is usually called the main thread of your program, because it is the
one that is executed when your program begins.

The main thread is important for two reasons:

o It is the thread from which other “child” threads will be spawned.

o Often it must be the last thread to finish execution because it performs

various shutdown actions.
class CurrentThreadDemo{
public static void main(String sree[]){
System.out.println(“Let us find the current
thread…..”);
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
System.out.println(“Current Thread= ”+t);
System.out.println(“It’s name= ”+t.getName());
}
}

Let us find the current thread…..

Current Thread= Thread[main,5,main]
It’s name= main

Which thread always runs in a java program by default?

main thread
 Creating a Thread and Running it
 Create a class that extends Thread class or implements Runnable interface.
Both are found in java.lang package.

class Myclass1 extends Thread{ class Myclass2

implements Runnable{
//methods (or)
//methods
//statements;
//statements;
}
}

 Write a run() method in a class.

Myclass1 obj=new Myclass1(); Myclass2

obj=new Myclass2();
class One extends Thread{ //Creating thread using “extends
Thread”
public void run(){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
System.out.println("i value: "+i);
}
}
}
class ThreadDemo{
public static void main(String sree[]){
One o=new One();
i value: 0
o.start(); i value: 1
} i value: 2
} i value: 3
i value: 4
interface Runnable{ //By extending Thread class
public void run(); class MyThread extends Thread{
} public void run(){
3
class Thread implements Runnable{ Syste.out.println("MyThread");
private Runnable target; }
private boolean started; class }Demo{
private ThreadGroup group; 1 public static void main(String args[]){
public synchronized void MyThread mt = new MyThread
start() { mt.start();
if (started) }
throw new IllegalThreadStateException(); }
2 started =
true;

group.add(this);
start0();
x }
private native void start0();

public void run() {

if (target != null) {
class One implements Runnable{ //Creating thread using “Runnable interface”
public void run(){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
System.out.println("i value: "+i);
}
}
}
class RunnableDemo{
public static void main(String sree[]){
One o=new One();
Thread t1=new Thread(o); i value: 0
t1.start(); i value: 1
} i value: 2
i value: 3
}
i value: 4
interface Runnable{ //By implementing Runnable interface
public void run();
} class MyThread implements Runnable{
4 public void run(){
class Thread implements Runnable{ Syste.out.println("MyThread");
private Runnable target; }
private boolean started; }
private ThreadGroup group; class Demo{
public synchronized void public static void main(String
args[]){
1
start() { MyThread mt = new
if (started) MyThread();
throw new IllegalThreadStateException(); Thread t=new
2 started = Thread(mt);
true; t.start();
}
group.add(this); }
start0(); }
3 }
private native void start0();
Here target = mt
mt != null
public void run() {
mt.run();
if (target != null) {
 //Multi thread example using “Thread Class”
class One extends Thread{ class ThreadDemo{
public void run(){ public static void main(String sree[]){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ One t1=new One();
System.out.println("i One t2=new One();
value: "+i); One t3=new One();
D:\>java ThreadDemo
} i value: 0
} i value: 0 t1.start();
} i value: 1 t2.start();
i value: 1
i value: 2 t3.start();
i value: 2 }
i value: 3
i value: 4
}
i value: 3
i value: 0
i value: 1
i value: 2
i value: 3
i value: 4
i value: 4
 //Another Multithreading example using “Thread Class”
class One extends Thread{ class MultiThreadDemo{
public void run(){ public static void main(String sree[]){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ One o=new One();
System.out.println("i value: "+i); o.start();
}
} Two t=new Two();
} t.start();
class Two extends Thread{ }
public void run(){ }
for(int j=10;j>4;j--){
System.out.println(“j value: "+j); i value: 0 i value: 0
} j value: 5 i value: 1
} i value: 1 i value: 2
} j value: 4 j value: 5
i value: 2 j value: 4
 //Multi thread example using “Runnable interface”
class One implements Runnable{ class RunnableDemo{
public void run(){ public static void main(String sree[]){
for(int i=0;i<4;i++){ One o=new One();
System.out.println("i Thread t1=new Thread(o);
value: "+i); t1.start();
}
} One o=new One();
} Thread t2=new Thread(o);
D:\>java RunnableDemo
i value: 0 t2.start();
i value: 1 }
i value: 2
i value: 0 }
i value: 1
i value: 2
i value: 3
i value: 3
 //Another Multithreading example using “Runnable interface”
class One implements Runnable{ class MultiThreadDemo{
public void run(){ public static void main(String sree[]){
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ One o=new One();
System.out.println("i value: "+i); Thread t1=new
} Thread(o);
} t1.start();
}
class Two implements Runnable{ Two t=new Two();
public void run(){ Thread t2=new
for(int j=10;j>4;j--){ Thread(t);
System.out.println(“j value: "+j); t2.start();
} }
} i value: 0 i value: 0
}
} j value: 5 i value: 1
i value: 1 i value: 2
j value: 4 j value: 5
i value: 2 j value: 4
 Difference between “extends Thread” and “implements Runnable” :

 Both are functionally same.

 But when we write extends Thread, there is no scope to extend another

class, as multiple inheritance is not supported in java.

class MyClass extends Thread, AnotherClass

//invalid

 If we write implements Runnable, then still there is scope to extend

another class.

class MyClass extends AnotherClass implements Runnable //valid

 This is definitely advantageous when the programmer wants to use

threads and also wants to access the features of another class.
 //Program to display the name of the threads
class Demo extends Thread{
public void run(){
System.out.println(getName());
}
}
class ThreadInfo{
public static void main(String args[]){

Thread t=Thread.currentThread();
System.out.println(“Main Thread is:
"+t.getName());

Demo obj1=new Demo();

Demo obj2=new Demo();
Demo obj3=new Demo();
Main Thread is: main
obj1.start(); Thread-0
obj2.start(); Thread-1
obj3.start(); Thread-2
}
class One extends Thread{ //Program to demonstrate Thread
Priorities
public void run(){
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
System.out.println(getName()+" :"+i);
} class ThreadPriority1{
} public static void main(String args[]){
Thread-0 :0
One t1=new One();
Thread-0 :1
Thread-0 :2 One t2=new One();

One t3=new One();

Thread-2 :0
Thread-2 :1
Thread-2 :2
t1.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t2.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
Thread-1 :0
Thread-1 :1 t3.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
Thread-1 :2
t1.start();
 join()

 Often we want the main thread to finish last.

 It does not happen automatically.
 We uses join( ) to ensure that the main thread is the last to stop.

 final void join( ) throws InterruptedException

 This method waits until the thread on which it is called terminates.

 Creates Thread t1
Main thread

Calls t1.join()

Main thread suspends

execution Thread t1 terminates

Main thread
resumes
// Using join() to wait for threads to finish.
class DemoJoin {
class NewThread implements Runnable {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String name; // name of thread
Thread t; NewThread ob1 = new
NewThread("One");
NewThread(String threadname) {
NewThread ob2 = new
name = threadname; NewThread("Two");
t = new Thread(this, name); NewThread ob3 = new
NewThread("Three");
System.out.println("New thread:
" + t);
System.out.println("Thread One is alive: "+
t.start(); // Start the thread
ob1.t.isAlive());
} System.out.println("Thread Two is alive: "+
ob2.t.isAlive());
// This is the entry point for thread. System.out.println("Thread Three is alive: "+ ob3.t. isAlive());
public void run() {
try { // wait for threads to finish
try {
for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) System.out.println("Waiting for threads
{ to finish.");
ob1.t.join();
System.out.println(name + ": " + i);
ob2.t.join();
Thread.sleep(1000);
} ob3.t.join();
}
}
catch (InterruptedException e) { catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(name + " System.out.println("Main
interrupted."); thread Interrupted");
}
}
System.out.println(name + " System.out.println("Thread One is alive: "+
exiting."); ob1.t.isAlive());
}
 Synchronization
 When two or more threads need access to a shared resource, they need some way to
ensure that the resource will be used by only one thread at a time.

 Synchronization is a mechanism to ensure that a resource is shared by one thread at a

time.

 Synchronization can be achieved in two ways:

1) Method level synchronization or synchronized method
2) Block level synchronization or synchronized statements

 In method level synchronization the total data of method is sensitive.

 Where as in block level synchronization part of the method is sensitive.

 A monitor is an object that is used as a mutually exclusive lock.

 Only one thread can own a monitor at a given time.

 When a thread enters into the monitor all other threads attempting to enter
the locked monitor will be suspended until the first thread exits the
monitor.
Ex:-

Booking Booking ….. Booking

agent 1 agent 2 agent n

Check availability
Reserve seat
Check
availability
Check availability
Reserve seat
Reserve seat

Seat reservation
database

80
//Without Synchronization class Caller extends Thread{
class Callme{ Callme target;
String msg;
void call(String msg){
Thread t;
System.out.print("["+msg);
Caller(Callme tar,String str){
try { target=tar;
msg=str;
Thread.sleep(1000); t = new Thread(this);
} t.start();
catch(InterruptedException }
e) { public void run(){
target.call(msg);
System.out.println("Interrupted"); }
}
}
class SyncDemo{
System.out.println("]"); public static void main(String
} [One[Three[Two] args[]){
} ] Callme cr=new
] Callme();
Caller t1=new
Caller(cr,"One");
Caller t2=new
Caller(cr,"Two");
//Synchronization Example class Caller extends Thread{
class Callme{ Callme target;
String msg;
public synchronized void call(String msg){
Thread t;
System.out.print("["+msg); Caller(Callme tar,String str){
try { target=tar;
Thread.sleep(1000); msg=str;
} t = new Thread(this);
catch(InterruptedException e) t.start();
{ }
public void run(){
System.out.println("Interrupted"); target.call(msg);
}
}
}
System.out.println("]");
class SyncDemo{
} public static void main(String
} [One] args[]){
[Three] Callme cr=new
[Two] Callme();
Caller t1=new
Caller(cr,"One");
Caller t2=new
Caller(cr,"Two");
class BlockSyn implements Runnable { /Example for block level
synchronization
public void run(){ first
display(); second
} i value is:0
public void display(){ i value is:1
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); i value is:2
synchronized(this){ i value is:0
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){ i value is:1
try{ i value is:2
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("i value is:"+i);
} public static void main(String args[]){
catch(Exception e){ BlockSyn s= new BlockSyn();
System.out.println(e);Thread t1= new
} Thread(s,"first");
} Thread t2= new
Thread(s,"second");
} t1.start();
} t2.start();