METHODS

OF
RESEARCH
 Methods of Research

Methods of research refer to how the research is to be

carried out. It is an operational framework within
which the facts are placed so that their meaning may
be seen more clearly (Leedy, 1993 ). Other
institutions call it a research design
 Research design is the plan,
structure, and strategy of
investigation conceived in order to
obtain answers to research problems
and also to control variance
Methods of Research Classified
into two ( 2 )
• QUANTITATIVE

• QUALITATIVE ( non-quantitative )
 QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF
RESEARCH

This methods use statistics to analyze and

interpret the data. The quantitative methods
of research are descriptive and
experimental. That descriptive research is
the most popular approach used in research
project.
 QUANTITATIVE METHODS OF
RESEARCH

The word descriptive is derived from the latin

word "de" meaning from and "scribe"
meaning to write. Although descriptive
research has only one interpretation, there are
several definitions as there are many authors.
 DEFINITIONS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT
AUTHORS

MANUEL & MEDICI AQUINO

Descriptive research describes Descriptive research is fact

what is. It involves the finding with adequate
description, recording, interpretation. It is something
analysis, and interpretation of more beyond just data-
the present nature, gathering: the latter is not
composition, or process of reflective thinking nor
phenomena. research.
 DEFINITIONS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT
AUTHORS

BEST & KAHN GOOD & SCATES

Descriptive research describes
and interprets what is. It is Descriptive research is simply
concerned with conditions of to describe particular
relationships that exists; phenomena as they are
practices and prevail; beliefs,
processes that are going on;
affects that are being felt, or
trends that are developing
 1. SURVEY comes from the
latin word "sur" or super
which means " to look " or
DESCRIPTIVE "to see" thus the word
SURVEY METHOD survey means " to look or
beyond".
 It is not the same as normative

1. research since it has no established

norms. This research is applicable
in big sample or larger population.
It uses questionnaire or other
DESCRIPTIVE instruments to generate data
SURVEY METHOD prepared by the researcher
 Although the descriptive method

1. relies upon observation for the

acquisition of data, those data must
be then be organized and presented
systematically so that valid and
DESCRIPTIVE accurate conclusions may be
SURVEY METHOD drawn from them.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE DESCRIPTIVE
SURVEY METHOD

It is typical average It makes possible the

The the result of a formulation of generalizations
or normal against survey may be used because the sample has a It reveals problem for
which the behavior for prediction. This is higher degree of which timely remedial
or performance of an especially true in
representativeness. This is measures may be
especially true if the sample is
individual can be correlation studies or adequate and proper sampling instituted
judged or evaluated even in status studies procedures are used in the
selection of the samples.
 2.
DESCRIPTIVE
CORRELATIONAL
METHOD
 2. DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL METHOD
Descriptive correlational method is used to determine whether
or not there is a relationship that exists between two or more
quantifiable variable and if there is, to what extent or degree
the relationship is In other words, when a relationship is
determined, the researcher must identify whether such
relationship is positive or negative and the degree or extent
(strength) of relationship.
 2. DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL METHOD

Correlational studies aim to determine the extent and direction

of relationship between two or more variables not to determine
cause and effect correlational studies are useful in generating
hypothesis to guide quasi experimental and experimental
studies which focus on examining cause and effect
interactions.
 2. DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL METHOD

Examples of a research title where correlation method is used:

Relationship between Writing Skills and

Reading Interests of College Students
 3.
DESCRIPTIVE
C O M PA R AT I V E
METHOD
 3. DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE METHOD

This method provides an explanation of about the relationship

between two or more variables. That researcher examines the
relationships including similarities or differences among
several variables. The variable studied might represent
characteristics of the same group of respondents or those of
separate groups
 Example:
A researcher might compare the spelling performance of the same group
of college students or those of separate group or college students in
another department.

The statistical comparative data can be used to make predictions, that is

when two variables are strongly related, the researcher can use one
variable to predict the occurrence of the another variable. However, the
researcher cannot use relationship data to show that one variable is the
cost of a change in another
 Advantages of Comparative Study:
• Intervening variables of comparative study can easily
be noted and discerned.

• Research variables can easily be selected.

• Comparative results of this study can be known

immediately.

• Comparative method is easily conducted

 Disadvantages of Comparative Study :

• The findings of the study are very much limited because it

cannot show the cause of a change in another variable.

• Variables to be selected are likewise limited.

• It is difficult to get samples which have the same

characteristics or attributes.
 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental research is concerned primarily with cause

and effect relationship in which all experimental studies
involve manipulation or control of the independent
variables (causes) and measurement of the dependent
variables (effects). This design utilizes the principle of
research known as the method of difference.
 Types of Experimental Research Designs

TRUE QUASI-
EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS DESIGN
 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

A designs considered a true experiment of the following

criteria are present: the researcher has control over the
independent and one comparison or control group; and
subjects are randomly assigned either to the control group or
experimental group. The control group is a group that does not
receive the treatment.
 a. Pre-test-posttest controlled group design

• Subjects are randomly assigned to groups

• A pretest is given to both groups

• The experimental group receives the treatment while the

control group does not.
 b. Postest only controlled group design

• Subjects are randomly assigned to groups

• A posttest is given to both groups

• The experimental group receives the treatment while the

control group does not receive the treatment.
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

It is a design in which either there is no control group,

or the subjects are not randomly assigned to groups
READY?
 1.
-gather feedback from students
regarding their satisfaction with courses,
teaching methods, and overall learning
experiences.
 DESCRIPTIVE
SURVEY METHOD
2. A researcher is interested in examining the
relationship between students' use of
technology and their overall engagement in
the learning process within a high school
setting.
 DESCRIPTIVE
CORRELATIONAL
METHOD
 3. Two groups of students are randomly
assigned. The experimental group experiences
the new teaching method, while the control
group follows the traditional teaching approach.
EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD OF
RESEARCH
 4. Health researchers investigate the
relationship between individuals' levels of
physical activity and their mental health,
exploring whether more exercise is
associated with better mental well-being.
 DESCRIPTIVE
CORRELATIONAL
METHOD
5. School administrators are comparing various ways to
involve parents in their children's education to see which
strategies are most effective. They want to understand
how these approaches impact student success and
engagement.
DESCRIPTIVE
COMPARATIVE
METHOD
6. A school or university conducts a survey
among students to gather feedback on
teaching methods, course content, and
overall educational experience.
DESCRIPTIVE
SURVEY
METHOD
 7. A psychologist conducts an experiment to
investigate the impact of sleep on memory
retention. Participants are randomly assigned to
either a well-rested or sleep-deprived group, and
their memory performance is assessed.
EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD OF
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research, or the naturalistic method of inquiry

of research, deals with the issue of human complexity by
exploring it directly. In this type, the emphasis is on the
complexity of humans, their ability to shape and create
their own experience, and the idea that truth is a
composite of reality.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Naturalistic investigations plays heavy emphasis

on understanding the human experience at it is
lived usually through the careful collection and
analysis of data that are narrative and subjective
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research focuses on gaining insights on and

understanding of individuals perception of events. It is
concerned with in depth descriptions of people or events
and their interpretation of circumstances. Data are
collected through such methods as unstructured
interviews and participant observation.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The tasks of the researcher is to synthesize the patterns and

themes in the data instead of focusing on the testing of
hypothesis. The qualitative researcher must not be limited
by existing theories but must be open to new ideas and
new theories. The researcher does not have to be
concerned with numbers and complicated statistical
analysis.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

This new model tends to emphasize the dynamic,

holistic, and individual aspects of human experience
and attempts to capture those aspects and their
entirety within the context of those who are
experiencing them.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The collection and analysis of information typically progress

concurrently as researchers sift through information insights or
gained new questions emerge and further evidence is thought
to confirm the insights through the inductive process
researchers integrate information to develop a theory or
description that helps explicate the phenomenon under
observation
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

A major limitation of this model is that it is reductionists

i.e.. it reduces human experience to just a few concepts
under investigation which are defined in advance by the
researcher rather than emerging from the experience of
the respondents
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Another limitation of a qualitative research involves the

subject nature of naturalistic inquiry, which sometimes
causes concerns about the nature of conclusions. No two
naturalistic researchers studying the same phenomenon in
similar settings would arrive at similar conclusions .
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The situation is further complicated by the fact that most

naturalistic studies involve relatively small group of
people that the generalizability of findings from
naturalistic inquiries is sometimes questioned
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

The situation is further complicated by the fact that most

naturalistic studies involve relatively small group of
people that the generalizability of findings from
naturalistic inquiries is sometimes questioned
 Common Types of Qualitative Research

• Phenomenological study

• Ethnographic study

• Historical study

• Case study
 1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

It examines human experiences through descriptions

provided by subjects of respondents. The goal is to
describe the meaning that experiences hold for each
subject.
 2. ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY

It involves the collection and analysis of data about

cultural groups or minorities. In this type of research the
researcher frequently lives with the people and becomes a
part of their culture.
 3. HISTORICAL STUDY

It concerns the identification location evaluation and

synthesis of data from the past this is not limited to
locating the facts and the past but also relating them to the
present and to the future. The data for historical research
are usually found in documents or in relics and artifacts
 4. CASE STUDY

It is an in-depth examination of people or a group of

people or an institution. Some of its purposes are to gain
insights into a little known problem; provide background
data for broader studies; explain socio psychological and
socio-cultural processes.
 4. CASE STUDY

A case study also involves a comprehensive and

extensive examination of a particular individual group or
situation over a period of time
 Phases in a Qualitative Study
( Polit, et al., 2006

Orientation and overview

Focused exploration

Confirmation and closure

 Orientation and Overview

A qualitative research are usually imports on a

study not having the vaguest idea on a topic.
Therefore, the first phase is to determine what is
salient about the phenomenon or culture of
interest.
 Focused Exploration

It involves a focused scrutiny and in depth

exploration of the aspects of the phenomenon
judged to be salient. The questions asks and the
types of people invited or shaped based on the
outcome of the first phase.
 Confirmation and Closure

The researcher undertakes efforts to prove that

his/her findings are trustworthy often going back to
the study and discussing his/her understanding of it
with the participants.
EVALUATION
 MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the primary focus of quantitative research methods?
- A) Understanding human experiences
- B) Exploring cultural groups
- C) Analyzing and interpreting data using statistics
- D) Immersion in day-to-day activities

2. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the descriptive survey method?

- A) Allows for prediction
- B) Provides generalizations with low representativeness
- C) Reveals problems for timely remedial measures
- D) Helps in analyzing, interpreting, and reporting present status

3. What is the aim of correlational studies?

- A) To determine cause and effect
- B) To establish experimental designs
- C) To identify relationships between variables
- D) To conduct quasi-experimental studies
4. Which method provides an explanation about the extent of relationship between two or more
variables?
- A) Descriptive survey method
- B) Descriptive correlational method
- C) Experimental method
- D) Comparative method

5. In experimental research, what does the control group refer to?

- A) The group that receives the treatment
- B) The group that does not receive the treatment
- C) The group with manipulated independent variables
- D) The group randomly assigned to the experiment
6. What is the primary emphasis of qualitative research?
- A) Analysis of statistical data
- B) Reduction of human experience to concepts
- C) Understanding human complexity directly
- D) Generalizing findings across populations

7. Which type of qualitative research involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups?
- A) Phenomenological study
- B) Ethnographic study
- C) Historical study
- D) Case study

8. What is a major limitation of qualitative research?

- A) Reduction of human experience
- B) Difficulty in conducting statistical analyses
- C) Concerns about generalizability of findings
- D) Emphasis on understanding individual perception
9. Which phase of a qualitative study involves proving the trustworthiness of findings?
- A) Orientation and overview
- B) Focused exploration
- C) Confirmation and closure
- D) Synthesis of patterns and themes

10. What is the purpose of a case study?

- A) To explore human complexity directly
- B) To gain insights into little-known problems
- C) To conduct comprehensive statistical analyses
- D) To generalize findings across diverse populations
11. What is the primary goal of descriptive research?
- A) Testing hypotheses
- B) Explaining cause-and-effect relationships
- C) Describing and interpreting phenomena
- D) Conducting statistical analyses

12. Which type of research method involves the careful collection and analysis of narrative and
subjective data?
- A) Quantitative research
- B) Experimental research
- C) Descriptive research
- D) Qualitative research

13. What is the primary focus of correlational studies?

- A) Identifying cause-and-effect relationships
- B) Determining statistical significance
- C) Exploring relationships between variables
- D) Conducting experiments in controlled settings
14. What is a characteristic of true experimental designs?
- A) Lack of control over independent variables
- B) Random assignment of subjects to groups
- C) Absence of comparison or control groups
- D) Reliance solely on qualitative data

15. In qualitative research, what is the emphasis placed on regarding human experience?
- A) Reductionist perspectives
- B) In-depth statistical analyses
- C) Direct exploration of complexity
- D) Objective data collection methods
ESSAY ( 5 points )

IF YOU'RE GOING TO CONDUCT A

RESEARCH. WHAT METHOD OF RESEARCH
ARE YOU GOING TO USE and WHY?
J JUNEBERT GANGE

J JENNIFER SEGOVIA

A ALBERT HERRERA JR.