CHAPTER 5 Disease Process

CHAPTER 5
DISEASE PROCESS
DISEASE PROCESS
ROBERT WHITTAKER
FIVE(5) KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
A. ANIMALIA
B. PLANTAE
C.PROTISTA: single celled eukaryotes

algae, amoeba, euglena,
paramecium slime moulds,
plasmodium. protozoans
D. FUNGI: fungus-like and related Microorganisms include the following

eukaryotic organisms, yeast, classifications: bacteria, viruses,
molds, mushrooms fungi, algae, yeasts, and protozoa.
These organisms are too small to be
E.MONERA(Prokaryotes) seen by the unaided human eye.
They are found in the soil, in the water,
and on plants and animals. In fact, billions
are found in humans on the skin and in
both the nasal and intestinal tracts.
Although most microorganisms live in
harmony with the human body, some—
called pathogens—can infect the body and
cause disease. Infectious diseases range
from mild illnesses, such as a cold, to
fatal illnesses, such as AIDS.
We occasionally come into contact with

people or animals that are infected and
thus expose ourselves to the pathogens of
their diseases. In fact, our environment is
such that everyday we live with some risk
of exposure to diseases.
Some individuals, because of the work
they do, are at risk for occupationally
acquired infection. For this reason,
special policies and procedures have been
developed .
The chain begins with the
For an infectious disease to
existence of a specific
occur, each link in the chain
pathogenic microorganism.
must be connected.
The second link is the
reservoir, an environment
where the pathogen can
survive.
The third link is the means of
escape from the reservoir.
The fourth link is the mode

of transmission from the
reservoir to the host.
The fifth link is the means of

entry into the host.
And the last link is the host's

susceptibility to the
pathogenic microorganism.
SIX(6)LINKS OF DISEASE
PROCESS
• MICRO ORGANISM
• HOST
• RESERVOIR
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• PORTS OF ENTRY
• PORTS OF EXITS The infectious disease process is defined
as the interaction between the pathogenic
microorganism, the environment, and the
host. The process may be thought of as a
circular chain with six links. The following
story illustrates the chain.
Microorganism
What is the role of micro

organisms in disease
causation?
Microorganisms that cause disease
are collectively called pathogens.
Pathogens cause disease either
by disrupting the bodies normal
processes and/or stimulating the
immune system to produce a
defensive response, resulting in
high fever, inflammation and other
symptoms.
Host
Host refers to the human who

can get the disease. A variety
of factors intrinsic to the host,
sometimes called risk factors,
can influence an individual's
exposure, susceptibility, or
response to a causative agent.
Vector
A vector is a living
organism that transmits an
infectious agent from an
infected animal to a
human or another animal.
Vectors are frequently

arthropods, such as
mosquitoes, ticks, flies,
fleas and lice.
How To Break The Chain
The way to stop germs

from spreading is by
interrupting the chain at
any link.
The host is any carrier of

an infection or someone
at risk of infection.
How To Break The Chain
Break the chain by:

• cleaning your hands frequently,
• staying up to date on your vaccines (including
the flu shot),
• covering coughs and sneezes and
• staying home when sick, following the rules
for standard and contact isolation,
• using personal protective equipment the
right way,
• cleaning and disinfecting the environment,
DISEASE PROCESS
Robert Koch believed that microorganisms can cause certain diseases to
humans an even to lower forms of being. Koch was a German physician who
began his microbiological studies isolated from the scientific community.
Jacob Henle
Was a strong advocate of the germ theory of disease.
Germ theory of disease

Disease was due to microorganisms that could be transmitted through
the air by contact and that could multiply in the body.
According to him, there are steps necessary to establish that a specific

microorganism causes a specific disease and this is now called as Koch’s
Postulates.
Robert Koch
Koch’s Postulates
1. The microorganism must be present in all animals suffering from the disease and
absent from all healthy animals.
2. The microorganism must be grown outside the diseased animal host as pure
culture, that is free of other organism.
3. When such a pure culture of the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy

susceptible animal, that animal must develop the symptoms of the disease.
4. The microorganism must be isolated from the experimentally infected animal and
shown to be identical to the original microorganism.
Virulence Factors of
Pathogenic Microorganisms
PATHOGENICITY
The capability of a microorganism to cause a disease in a host; an innate
property. Disease warning signs are often the result of toxic of allergic
reactions.
VIRULENCE
The quantity of pathogenicity of a microbe or a measure of the ability
of the microbe to cause disease. Virulence is determined by the
factors of invasiveness and toxigenicity.
To cause disease, pathogens must penetrate the host tissues and multiply.
Usually, they become localized and form a small focus of infection. In some
cases, secretion is produced, and is called PYOGENIC infection.
Within the body, localization usually occurs within the lymph nodes
liver, spleen or kidney. From this area of infection microbes may pass into the
bloodstream and set up the conditions of BACTEREMIA (non multiplying bacteria
in the blood stream.) and SEPTICEMIA (reproducing bacteria)
Virulence Factors: There are factors to consider for
microorganisms to invade and cause disease on one’s body.
Adhesion Factor
Adhesins- are specific virulence factors that enhance the ability of a
microorganism to attach to the surface of mammalian.
• proteins or polysaccharides on the surface of the microorganism

that bind to the specific receptor sites on the surface of other cells.
• capsules and slime layers
• fimbriae or pili of several pathogenic bacteria
• the adsorption of viruses into specific receptor sites of human cells

Invasiveness
Is the ability of microorganism to invade human tissues and to
reproduce or multiply within the cells and tissues of the human
body.
• microorganisms that possess invasive properties are able to
establish and to spread infections within host cells and
tissues.
• enzymes produced by microorganisms
Growth and Survival Enhancing Factors

Refers to the ability of the bacteria to grow within the blood of the host
utilizing the available iron.
• Iron is needed by the bacteria for their growth. The binding of iron to
specific chemicals produced by the body, namely transferrin and lactoferrin,
are the host defense mechanism that prevents most microorganisms from
establishing an infection in the blood.
Infective Dose
Refers to the amount or quantity of microorganisms required to
produce disease symptoms in a host; the more virulent the microbe,
the fewer the number needed.
Toxigenicity
Refers to the ability of a microorganism to produce toxins
TOXINS
Are biological poisons; they disrupt
the normal functions of cells and are
generally destructive to human cells
and tissues.
Endotoxin: Bacterial endotoxin

 equated with the lipopolysaccharide component of gram-
negative bacterial cell wall. When gram-negative bacteria die,
their cell walls disintegrate and LPS endotoxin is released.
Exotoxins
 these are protein toxins produced from various gram-negative and
gram-positive pathogenic bacteria
 typically released by growing cells
 specific to the microorganism producing the toxin
Neurotoxins
 protein exotoxins that interfere the functioning of the

nervous system; usually work by blocking nerve cell
transmissions.
Enterotoxins
 stimulate the cells of the gastrointestinal tract in an abnormal
way
 cause an inflammation of the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract
Cytotoxins
 are protein exotoxins that kill cells by enzymatic attack or by blocking

essential cellular metabolism; interfere with cellular functions.
 hemolysins- cause the lysis of red blood cell, such as human

erythrocytes.
• their action results in the release of hemoglobin
• Beta hemolysis (ß-hemolysis)-
complete lysis of red blood cells.
• Alpha hemolysis (α-hemolysis)-

partial lysis of red blood cells.
Thank You for your
Attention!
BETA-HEMOLYSIS
ALPHA-HEMOLYSIS
Thank You for your
Attention!

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CHAPTER 5

FIVE(5) KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

C.PROTISTA: single celled eukaryotes

D. FUNGI: fungus-like and related Microorganisms include the following

We occasionally come into contact with

The fourth link is the mode

The fifth link is the means of

And the last link is the host's

What is the role of micro

Host refers to the human who

Vectors are frequently

The way to stop germs

The host is any carrier of

Break the chain by:

Germ theory of disease

According to him, there are steps necessary to establish that a specific

3. When such a pure culture of the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy

• proteins or polysaccharides on the surface of the microorganism

• capsules and slime layers

• fimbriae or pili of several pathogenic bacteria

• the adsorption of viruses into specific receptor sites of human cells

Growth and Survival Enhancing Factors

Endotoxin: Bacterial endotoxin

 typically released by growing cells

 specific to the microorganism producing the toxin

 protein exotoxins that interfere the functioning of the

 are protein exotoxins that kill cells by enzymatic attack or by blocking

 hemolysins- cause the lysis of red blood cell, such as human

• Alpha hemolysis (α-hemolysis)-

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