General Revision Questions

To show its compliance with the relevant Directive, lifting equipment must be:
Marked with the CE mark

The easiest way for a manufacturer to ensure his products comply with the relevant Directive is
to:
Work to Harmonised European Standards

In addition to the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 users also
have to comply with:
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations

The broad duties of an employer are laid down in:

Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act

In new Regulations and standards the term ‘coefficient of utilisation’ means:

The factor of safety
The prime legislation for industrial safety in the UK is known as:
The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974

Section 6 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, as amended 1988:
Requires suppliers to provide information on the safe use of their products

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 require:

Operatives to only use equipment for which they have received
training/instruction

For new lifting equipment to be supplied (taken into service) the manufacturer must issue
an EC Declaration of Conformity. This is a requirement of:
The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992

In new Regulations and standards, the term ‘lifting accessories’ can be taken as having
the same meaning as:
Lifting gear, such as shackles and eyebolts
Approved Codes of Practice (ACoP’s):
Have a quasi legal status

The SI unit of force is known as the:

Newton

What is the Metric tonne equal to in lbs?

2204lbs

10ft is approximately:
3 metres

The LEEA Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Lifting Equipment is:
A Recommended Code of Practice
What is the Imperial ton equal to in lbs?
2240lbs

For conversion purposes 1 hundredweight equals:

50kg

The American ton (or short ton) equals:

2000lbs

When re-marking an imperial rated shackle of 2ton 9cwt SWL with SI units the correct
marking would be:
2.4t

Working to Harmonised European Standards:

Is one way of ensuring products comply with European Directives
The single most important property of materials used in the manufacture of lifting
equipment is:
Strength

The inclusion of up to 1% phosphorous in bronze makes it:

Stronger

A ‘killed steel’ is one which:

Has been treated to remove the oxygen during smelting

Cast iron is:

Used to make jack bodies as is has high compressive strength

Materials that are elastic will:

Return to their original dimensions when the stress is removed
Brittleness is:
The tendency to fracture without visible plastic deformation

Ductility is:
The ability to undergo cold plastic deformation, usually as the result of tension

A material needs to display hardness so that:

It will resist wear and abrasion

Higher tensile steel is:

One third stronger than mild steel

Metals with little or no iron in their composition are known as:

Non-ferrous metals
The most common form of heat treatment used in association with the manufacture of
lifting gear is known as:
Hardening and tempering

A form of resistance welding used in the manufacture of chain is known as:

Flash butt welding

Gall marks, cracks and similar defects are stress risers which may cause failure:
Due to the notch effect

Cracks and laminations in prime steel sections:

Significantly reduce the strength of the material, affected areas must be
totally removed and scrapped

The finish of hot rolled steel sections is known as:

Black
Drop forgings can be readily recognised by:
The flash line resulting from the removal of excess material forced out of the
dies during forging

Burning is a fault found on drop forgings, which can be recognised by:

A glazed appearance due to oxide penetration

The term MIG welding refers to:

Metal inert gas

When steel is hardened and tempered, the purpose of tempering is to:

Improve its toughness

Iron and steel can be cast into the required finished shape, the most common method
used is known as:
Sand casting
The illustration is a diagrammatic representation of:
Double shear

Within the elastic limit the material will return to its original dimensions but if this is
exceeded:
It will have become plastic and retain its new dimensions

Strain equals:
Change in length divided by original length

Hooke’s law relates to:

Elasticity

A test that measures the load over the extension of a test piece is called:
A tensile test
Stress equals:
Load divided by cross sectional area

Hooke’s law states, within the limit of proportionality, stress divided by strain:
Is a constant

Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (E):

Equals stress divided by strain

If a load is suspended at the centre of a simply supported beam the top flange will be:
Subject to compressive stress

Point A on the graph shown is known as:

The limit of proportionality
A test which measures the return swing of a pendulum is known as:
An Izod test

A simple test used to check the ductility of welds is known as:

A bend test

A Brinell test is made by:

Indenting the surface of the test piece

A method commonly used in the work place to detect surface cracks in welds is:
The dye penetrant test

LEEA Technical Requirements require test machines to have a minimum accuracy of:
± 2%
The purpose of a proof load/force test is to:
Confirms the item is capable of sustaining the applied load at the time of the
test

LOLER leaves it to the discretion of whom to decide if any tests are required:
The competent person

Liquid penetration crack detection can:

Reveal the position of cracks only

How is a Brinell hardness test carried out:

Pressing a hardened steel ball into the material and measuring the indentation

When examining a chain sling that's been in service, the maximum wear permissible is:
8% of diameter
Correct identification of the grade is important to the tester and examiner as it tells him:
The material and heat treatment used

What is the factor of safety of lifting chain manufactured to BS EN 818

4:1

In the case of grade 8/T chain the grade mark should appear:
Every 20th link or 1 metre, whichever is the lesser

Medium tolerance chain is suitable for use:

As sling chain only

Fine tolerance chain is subjected to a finishing process which involves:

Applying a tensile force to pull it to size
The maximum allowable wear in the link of a chain sling starting a further period of
service is:
8% of diameter

When grade 8/T chain comes into contact with acids:

The chain becomes subject to hydrogen embrittlement

Case hardened chain type DAT is used for:

Load chain for high speed power hoists

The manufacturers of lifting chain initially apply a test force equal to:
2.5 x WLL

The maximum elongation of a chain starting a further period of service is:

5%
The more wires in the strand for a given diameter of rope:
The more flexible the rope will be

If the strands in the rope are laid in the opposite direction to the wires in the strand the rope
is known as:
Ordinary lay

If the strands in the rope are laid in the same direction as the wires in the strand the rope is
known as:
Lang’s lay

The term IWRC means:

Independent wire rope core

The purpose of a filler wire is:

To keep the other wires in the strand in place
What can cause hydrogen embrittlement to alloy steels used in lifting gear?
Exposure to acids

The use of rings has declined over the years in favour of links for what reasons?
They fit onto larger hooks and will not turn in service

Care must be taken if stamping information on a link, why is this?

The marking can act as a stress raiser

If a trapezoidal section point hook is overloaded it will:

Initially become stronger due to the transfer of the stress to a deeper cross
section as it opens

The general use of hooks fitted with a safety catch or hooks of the C type is a requirement
of:
The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations ACoP
The European Machinery Directive only permits the use of the which chain for lifting
Short link chain

Mechanically assembled slings before being put into service must be:
Thoroughly examined

BS EN 818-4 states that each individual section of a sling shall be subjected to a

manufacturing proof force at least equal to:
2.5 times its WLL

The method of rating and marking general purpose multi-leg slings in accordance with BS
EN 818-4 is known as:
The uniform load method
Chain slings manufactured with grade 10 have become more common and offer higher
WLL of between:
25%-30% higher than grade 8

Chain slings should be examined by a competent person at periods not exceeding:

6 months

Grade 8/T chain slings are subject to hydrogen embrittlement if they are:
Allowed to come into contact with acids

When a single leg chain sling is used in a choke hitch, the maximum load to be lifted
must not exceed:
0.8 of the SWL
In a correctly made Docks Splice, the tails should be:
Tucked into the strands against the direction of the lay

A form of splice that is considered dangerous as it will unwrap if rotated under load is known
as:
The Liverpool Splice

A method of forming an eye for ferrule securing which opens the rope into two parts and then
lays them into each other to form the eye is known as:
The Flemish eye

A rope made endless by taking one strand and laying it round together six times is known as:
An endless grommet

Wire rope slings manufactured to BS EN 13414-1 have a factor of safety of:

5:1
Wire ropes should be lubricated using:
An acid free lubricant

The maximum number of broken wires permitted for continued use by this guidance is:
5% in any length of rope equal to 10 x diameter

If a protruding broken wire is found during an examination of a rope that is to be allowed

to continue in service, it is advisable to:
Bend it back and forth until it fatigues and breaks off

What proof force would apply to a sling which has hand spliced eyes:
No testing required

The use of Bulldog Grips to form temporary eyes for lifting purposes:
Is not recommended in any way
A shackle pin is at its strongest when in a condition of:
Double shear

In order that the pin and shackle body are of comparable strength, shackles are designed
with:
The pin of a larger diameter than the body

The most suitable shackle for joining two thimble eyed wire ropes to a crane hook is:
A large bow shackle

Shackles should be able to withstand a manufacturing proof test:

To a force equivalent to twice the WLL

The current standard requires that each shackle pin of less than 13mm be marked with:
Either the grade mark or the traceability code
Shackles should be examined by a competent person at periods not exceeding:
6 months or less if required depending on use

With a bolt and nut pin, the nut should close:

On the last thread of the pin when it is close to the body to allow
rotation

The maximum permanent deformation allowed following a manufacturing proof force of a

shackle is:
No deformation is allowed

Dee shackles are most suitable for:

Joining two items together
So that the collar of an eyebolt seats correctly how is it machined
It is machined with an undercut

According to BS 4278, the smallest thread recommended for lifting purposes is:
12mm or 1/2 inch

Collar eyebolts may be loaded at an angle to the axis of the shank provided that:
The loading is aligned to within 5° of the plane of the eye

Following initial proof testing of eyebolts, the amount of permanent set permitted by BS
4278 is:
None permitted

Dynamo eyebolts are only suitable for what type of lift:

Axial lifting only because of their design
A polyester rope sling can be identified by:
A blue coloured label

A glazed appearance to the surface fibres of man-made textile slings is an indication of:
Heat generated by friction

The effect of regularly exposing a polyester roundsling to strong sunlight is:

Degradation of the fibres

According to current standards, the correct proof load for a roundsling is:
Nil. You do not proof load roundslings

If the cover of a roundsling is found to be cut during examination what course of action
are you expected to take:
The sling should be scrapped, preferably cut into pieces to prevent any further
use
The mode factor applied by the user of a webbing sling in choke hitch is:
0.8 SWL is reduced by approximately 20%

Exposing a polyester flat woven sling to a temperature of 200°C:

Will weaken the sling

In a roundsling the load is carried by:

Load is carried by the core only.

Which fibre rope can actually float on water:

Polypropylene

What proof load would you apply to a sisal rope sling?

You do not apply any proof load
If the anti-clockwise moment acting on a load is equal to the clockwise moment then:
The loads would be in equilibrium or balanced

The basic formula for mechanical advantage is:

The load is divided by the effort

If a machine can lift 150kg with the application of an effort of 10kg, what is the
mechanical advantage?
The mechanical advantage would be 15 (150/10)

If a gear train of a chain block pinion has 5 teeth and the gear wheel has 25 teeth. What
would be the velocity ratio between the gears
Velocity ratio would be 5 (25/5)
Efficiency can be defined as a percentage how:
Mechanical advantage divided by the velocity ratio x 100

How would you calculate velocity ratio

Distance moved by effort divided by the distance moved by load

If a pulley system has a MA of 4 is to lift a load of 600kg, what effort must be applied?
Effort required would be 150kg (600/4)

A pulley system has a double sheave top block and a single sheave bottom block,
assuming all sheaves are the same diameter and ignoring friction, what is the MA
The mechanical advantage would be three (three sheaves in total)