CALCULUS WITH

ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
Lesson 1: Calculus and Functions
Objectives:
 Manifest knowledge and skills on the
principles and concepts of calculus,
 Represents real-life situations using
functions.
Introduction to Calculus with Analytic Geometry
Calculus is a branch of mathematics that focuses on
the study of rates of change and the accumulation of
quantities. It provides a set of powerful tools for analyzing
and understanding how things change and behave.
Developed independently by Sir Isaac Newton and
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the 17th century, calculus is a
fundamental part of mathematics and has wide-ranging
applications in various fields, including physics,
engineering, economics, biology, and computer science.
 Analytic geometry, also known as coordinate
geometry, is a branch of mathematics that combines
principles of algebra and geometry. It involves the study
of geometric shapes and figures using a coordinate
system, where points are identified by their numerical
coordinates. The key idea is to represent geometric
entities, such as points, lines, curves, and shapes, using
algebraic equations and expressions.
Calculus with analytic geometry is a powerful branch of
mathematics that explores the concepts of change and
motion, providing a profound understanding of how
quantities vary and interact. Developed independently
by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the
17th century, calculus has become an essential tool in
various scientific, engineering, and mathematical
disciplines.
Calculus is the study of continuous change and motion. It is divided into
two main branches:

1. Differential Calculus:
Focuses on rates of change and slopes of curves.
Utilizes the concept of derivatives to understand how functions change at
specific points.
2. Integral Calculus:
Examines the accumulation of quantities and the calculation of
areas under curves.
Involves the concept of integrals, representing the reverse process of
differentiation.
Analytic geometry is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. In
conjunction with calculus, it allows us to express geometric ideas
algebraically and vice versa.
1. Coordinate Systems:
Introduces Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and the relationship between
points in the plane.
Coordinates are used to describe curves, functions, and geometric shapes.

2. Graphs of Functions:
Demonstrates how functions can be visually represented on a
coordinate plane.
Understanding the graphical representation aids in interpreting
mathematical relationships.
 FUNCTION
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds
to exactly one element of the range.

EXAMPLE:
{(I, 4), (L, 5), (O, 6), (V, 8), (E, 3), (M, 6), (A, 2), (T, 8), (H, 4)}
Domain Range
I
L
2
O
3
V
4
E
5
M
6
A
8
T
H

The members of the domain can be called inputs and the members of the range can be called
outputs. The arrow can be used to describe the correspondence in a function.
Linear Function
A function f is a linear function if where m and b are real numbers,
and m and f(x) are not both equal to zero.
Types of a Linear Functions
1. Quadratic Function
2. Constant Function and Identity Function
3. Absolute Value Function
4. Piecewise Function
5. One-to-one Function
 1. Quadratic Function
A Quadratic Function is any equation of the form

Where a, b, and c are real numbers and a 0.

The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. Hence, the
graph of is a parabola. Parabolas are shaped like cups.
2. Constant Function and Identity Function

A Linear Function f is a Constant Function if f(x) = mx + b,

where m = 0 and b is a real number. Thus, f(x) = b
A Linear Function f is an Identity Function if f(x) = mx + b,
where m = 1 and b = 0. thus, f(x) = x
 3. Absolute Value Function
The function f is an Absolute Value Function if for all real numbers
X,
4. Piecewise Function

A Piecewise Function or a Compound Function is a function

defined by multiple subfunctions, where each subfunction applies
to a certain interval of the main function’s domain. A piecewise
function is a function that is defined on a sequence of intervals. A
common example is the absolute value, Additional piecewise
functions include the Heaviside step function, rectangle function,
and triangle function.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3RSLL4BMe8
5. One-to-one Function
A One-to-one Function is a function in which for each value of y in the range
of f, there is just one value x in the domain of f such that y = f(x).
In other words, f is one-to-one if
 A linear function is a polynomial function of
degree 1. If the of a polynomial function is 2, it is
called a quadratic function, and if the degree is 3, it is
called a cubic function.
If a function can be expressed as the quotient of
the two polynomial functions, it is called a rational
function.
An algebraic function is one formed by a finite
number of algebraic operations on the identity
function and a constant function.
 OPERATIONS ON
OBJECTIVE:
FUNCTIONS
 Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and composition of functions.
Perform the indicated operations.
a. b.

𝑥+ 1
7𝐹 −4 𝑥 +
−5
2
𝑥 4
𝐿
𝑐 .(2 𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 +4 ) +(3+ 4)
𝐼
𝑂 2
− 2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 +7
2 𝑥+8 𝑥 −3 𝑥 −12
2

2
2 𝑥 +5 x −12
Addition of Polynomials

To add two polynomials, write the sum and simplify by

combining like terms.

7 𝑥+ 1
Subtraction of Polynomials

To subtract an expression from another expression, add its

negative. That is,
a – b = a + (–b)

𝑥 4
− 4 𝑥−5 +
2

+(3+ 4)
2
−2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 +7
Multiplication of Polynomials

When multiplying polynomials,

you will often use the following laws of exponents.
Laws of exponent
1. Product rule for exponents:
To multiply powers having with the same bas, keep the base
and add the exponent.

2. Power rule for exponents:

To find the power of a power of a base, keep the base and
multiply the exponents.
Multiplication of Polynomials

When multiplying polynomials,

you will often use the following laws of exponents.
Laws of exponent
3. Power of a product rule for exponents:
To find the power of a product, find the power of each factor
and then multiply the resulting powers.
Multiplication of Polynomials

When multiplying polynomials by a monomial, multiply each

term of the polynomial by the monomial. (more like distributive property)
(2 𝑥 −3)(5 𝑥 )
2 𝑥(5 𝑥)− 3(5 𝑥)
2
10 𝑥 −15 𝑥
When multiplying binomial by a binomial we use the FOIL
method, (First, Outer, Inner, Last)
𝐹 𝐿
(2 𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 + 4) ×
𝐼
2𝑥 𝑥
+8
2
𝑂
2 𝑥+8 𝑥 −3 𝑥 −12
2 +¿ −3 𝑥−12
2 𝑥 x−12
+5
2 2
2 𝑥 +5 x −12
Division of Polynomials

When we divide a monomial by a monomial, when there

were a same base, copy the base subtract the exponent, We use the rule
for the division of exponents.
Rules of division for exponent
For every positive integer m and n, and x
where m > n

where m < n

where m = n
SUM, DIFFERENCE, PRODUCT, and QUOTIENT of FUNCTIONS

Let f and g be the two functions.

The sum of f and g difference product and the quotient are functions whose
domains are the set of all real numbers common to the domain of f and g, and
defined as follows:

1. Sum:
2. Difference:
3. Product:
4. Quotient:
 EXAMPLE:
If f(x) = 3x – 2 and g(x) =

a. (f + g)(x) b. (f – g)(x)

f (x)+ g(x) f (x) – g(x)

2
(3x – 2) + ( 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 3) 2
(3x – 2) ( 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 3)
–
2
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 +3 𝑥 −2 − 3 − 𝑥−2+3 𝑥 2

2
𝑥 +5 𝑥 − 5 2
− 𝑥 +3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 − 2+ 3
2
− 𝑥 + 𝑥 +1
EXAMPLE:
If f(x) = 3x – 2 and g(x) =
c. (fg)(x)

(3x – 2) ()

3 𝑥 ( 𝑥 )+3 𝑥 (2 𝑥)+ 3 𝑥 (−3)−2 ( 𝑥 ) −2 (2 𝑥 )−2 (−3)

2 2

3𝑥
3
+6 𝑥
2
−9𝑥 −2 𝑥
2
−4 𝑥 +6

3𝑥 + 3
4 𝑥
2
−13 𝑥 +6
EXAMPLE:
If f(x) = 4x and g(x) =

a. (f + g)(x) b. (f – g)(x)

(4x) – (5x + 2)
4x + 5x + 2 (4x) + (-5x – 2)
or
9x + 2 4x – 5x – 2

–x – 2
 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
The composition of the functions f with g is denoted
by and is defined by thee equation:

The domain of the composition function is the set of all x

such that;
1.x is the domain of g
2. g(x) is the domain of f.
 EXAMPLE: 𝐹 𝐿

Given
( 4 x − 5( 4
) x − 5)
𝐼
𝑂
𝑎 .( 𝑓 ∘ g)( x ) b
( 𝑓 ∘ g ) ( x )=f ( g ( x ) ) ( 𝑔 ∘ f )( x ) =g ( f ( x ) )
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =4 𝑥 − 5 ( )
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 +4
2
2
¿ 4 ( g ( x ) ) −5 ¿ (4 𝑥 −5) + 4
𝑥 +4
¿ 16 𝑥 − 40+25
2

¿ 4 ( 𝑥 + 4) −5
2
( g ∘ f ) ( x ¿) 16 𝑥 2− 40+29
𝑥
¿ 4 𝑥 +16−5
2

( 𝑓 ∘ g) (¿
x )4 𝑥 2+ 11
I. EVALUATE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Perform the indicated operation.
A. If f(x) = – 5 and g(x) =

a. (f + g)(x) b. (f – g)(x) c. (fg)(x)

B. If f(x) = and g(x) =

a. ()(x) b. c.