Intellectual Revolution That Defined Society

AL
REVOLUTION
THAT
DEFINED
SOCIETY
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
• Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus,

Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution; and
• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in

various parts of the world like in Latin America,
East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
Intellectual Revolution
Greek speculation about "nature" Known as
"Pre-Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first
philosophy"
Three characteristics of this philosophy
• The world is a natural whole
• There is natural 'order'
• Humans can 'discover' those laws

COPERNICAN
Copernican Revolution
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Adopted the 'heliocentric model' suggesting
the idea that the sun is the center of the solar
system
• Published an essay "On the Revolution of
the Heavenly Spheres"
Copernican Revolution
Aristotle, however, believed that
the earth is the true center of all
the orbitals carrying the heavenly
bodies and all motions are
uniform and unchanging.
DARWINIAN
Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution

• Suggested that all organisms are related and
have descended from a common ancestor
• Explains that complex creatures evolved
naturally from simplistic ancestors over time
Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution
• Proposed the "natural selection", organisms
survived due to random genetic mutations
leading to the preservation of their
descendants.
• "survival of the fittest", the better adapted a
species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce.
FREUDIAN
Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud “Father of
Psychoanalysis“
• Believed that when people explain their behavior,
they rarely give a true account of their motivation, not
because they are deliberately lying, but because they
are more adept at self-deception.
• Freud's structural theory of personality emphasizes
the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in
shaping behavior and personality.
INFORMATIO
N
REVOLUTION
INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
• Gutenberg's printing press in 1455
•Analytic engine by Agusta and
Babbage in 1830
• First telephone during 1870
Turing's work during World war II
INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
Allan Turing (1912-1954) provided a
fundamental contribution to computer
sciences by refining the concepts of
algorithm and computation
• Turing Machine
• Turing Test
MESOAMERIC
AN
CIVILIZATION
Mesoamerican Civilization
Regions and cultural area in the Americas, extending to the
countries in South America
• Cultivation of cacao, corn, beans, tomato, squash, and chili
• "Three Sisters", the main food sources including beans, corn
and squash
• Domestication of turkey and dogs
• Cotton plants were used to make textiles, and rubber trees
were used to make rubber balls (for performance games and
rituals)
Mesoamerican Civilization
• Combined crop rotation and slash-and- burn

technique to retain soil nutrients
• Formed terraces along the mountain slopes.
• First to use irrigation techniques
• Known to be the first to create the
calendars.
ASIAN
CIVILIZATION
Asian Civilization
World's great early Asian Civilization: one from
India and from China
Civilization arose in the Indus Valley 4000
years ago.
• People used weapons and utensils made of
bronze and copper.
• Shops are established around Mohenjo- Daro
Asian Civilization
Confucianism is based on teaching of
Confucius.
• Emphasized personal and governmental morality,
correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity
Great wall of China was built to protect
themselves from the invasions of "barbarians"
from other parts of Asia
MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION
Asian Civilization
The home of the "Cradle of
Civilization”, many of the world's oldest
cultures and civilizations were seen.
The history started from the earliest
human settlements continuing through
pre- and post-Islamic Empires.
Asian Civilization
Developed the following:

• First writing system in the world
• Potter's wheel, vehicular and mill wheel
• First generalized governments and law
codes
AFRICAN
CIVILIZATION
African Civilization
Lineage and culture achievements include in the
field of Mathematics, Astronomy, Metallurgy,
Agriculture and Engineering, Navigation, and
Medicine.
• In math, they developed the Yoruba system – based
on units of 20 instead of 10 and required impressive
amount of subtraction to identify different numbers.
In Astronomy, African Stonehenge was considered as
remarkably accurate calendar.
Advances in Metallurgy and tool making

Steam engines Metal chisels and saws
I Copper and iron tools Weapons (bronze)
Nail Glue
Carbon Steel
African empire of Egypt developed diverse
structures and great architectural monuments
along the Nile river
• Great pyramid of Giza
• Great Sphinx of Giza
Used plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for
bacteria, and extracts to kill Gram positive
bacteria.
Medicine in Africa is more advance than in Europe,
which performed medicinal procedures:
Vaccination filling the dental cavities
Autopsy installation of false teeth
Limb traction anesthesia
Brokenbone setting tissue cauterization
Bullet removal Brain surgery
Skin grafting

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AL

• Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus,

• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in

• The world is a natural whole

• There is natural 'order'

• Humans can 'discover' those laws

Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution

• Combined crop rotation and slash-and- burn

Developed the following:

Advances in Metallurgy and tool making

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