Intellectual

Revolution
Chapter 2
 Objectives:
1.Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
2.Explain how the Intellectual Revolution
changed the way how humans see the
world; and
3.Describe the technological advancements
that happened in the information age.
 Introduction
There have also been instances when advancements
in science and technology changed the people’s
perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events
happened in a period now known as the Intellectual
Revolution. Brilliant minds responded to the call of
the times and created things that could maker life
easier for the people. `
 Copernican Revolution
In the early times, people questioned what created
days and nights. They wanted to understand what
heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are.
The invention of the telescope allowed the people to
take a peek at the outer space, but more
importantly, it also intrigued them to know what
was actually out there.
 GEOCENTRISM
by
Claudius Ptolemy
Planets as well as the sun and
moon, moved in a circular
motion around the earth. He
believed that the Earth was
at the center- a concept
known as GEOCENTRISM.
Ptolemy’s geocentric model
was widely accepted by the
people and was one of the
greatest discoveries of that
 HELIOCENTRIS
M
by
Nicolaus Copernicus
He suggested that the
center of the Solar System
was not the Earth but
actually the Sun. This was
rejected at first by the
public. It appalled many
since their religious belief
had taught them that the
Earth was created first
 HELIOCENTRIS
M
by
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus was even
persecuted as a heretic
because his teachings were
against what was widely
accepted by religion. It was
eventually accepted by the
people in a period which
was called the birth of the
modern revolution.
Darwinian Revolution
It was considered to be one of the most
controversial intellectual revolution of
all time. In 1859, Charles Darwin, an
English naturalist, biologist, and
geologist published his book, On the
Origin of Species.
 THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
by
Charles Darwin
Posited that populations
pass through a process of
natural selection in which
only the fittest would
survive. He stated that
organisms have the ability
to adapt to their
environment and would
gradually change into
 THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
by
Charles Darwin
However, this theory
become controversial as
people perceived it to be
contradictory to the
church’s teachings that
the source of life is a
powerful creator. It even
sparked a massive debate
 Freudian Revolution
In the past, the field of psychology was always
classified under philosophy. Psychology was
considered more of an art rather than a
science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund
Freud was able to change people’s perception
of psychology with his revolutionary theory of
Psychoanalysis.
PSYCHOANALY
SIS
by
Sigmund Freud
It is the study that
explains human
behavior. Freud
explained that there are
many conscious and
unconscious factors
that can influence
behavior and emotions.
 THE ID
PRINCIPLE
The id is driven by the
pleasure principle,
which strives for
immediate gratification of
all desires, wants, and
needs. If these needs are
not satisfied immediately,
the result is a state of
 THE EGO
PRINCIPLE
The ego operates based on
the reality principle, which
strives to satisfy the id's
desires in realistic and
socially appropriate ways.
The reality principle
weighs the costs and
benefits of an action before
deciding to act upon or
 THE
SUPEREGO
PRINCIPLE
The conscience includes
information about things
that are viewed as bad by
parents and society. These
behaviors are often
forbidden and lead to bad
consequences,
punishments, or feelings of
guilt and remorse.
 Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire
area of Central America from
Southern Mexico up to the border
of South America. There is no doubt
that the Mesoamerican region is
rich in culture and knowledge prior
to the arrival of its European
 MAYAN
CIVILIZATION
• One of the famous
civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2,000 years.
• These people are known for
their works in astronomy.
• The Mayans are also known
for measuring time using
calendar systems.
 INCAN
CIVILIZATION
• Built stone buildings
that surmounted
earthquakes and other
disasters
• Invented calendar with
12 months to mark their
religious festivals and
prepare them for
 AZTEC
CIVILIZATION
• Chinampa is a form as
Aztec technology for
agricultural farming in
which the land was
divided into rectangular
areas and surrounded by
canal.
• Canoe is a light narrow
boat used for traveling in
 Asia
Asia is the biggest continent in the
world and the home of many
ancient civilizations. It is a host to
many cultural, economic, scientific,
and political activities of all ages.
 INDIA
• India is famous in medicine.
Ayurveda, a system of
traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India
before 2500 BC.
• The people of this civilization,
tried to standardized
measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy and
designed a ruler, the
 CHINA
• They discovered various
medical properties and uses
of different plants and
animals to cure human
illness. An example is the
practice of acupuncture.
• Chinese are also known in
seismology. This made them
more prepared in times of
natural calamities.
 MIDDLE
EAST
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi gave his name to
concept the algorithm while
the term algebra al-jabr is
derived from ¸the beginning
of the title of one of his
publications
• Ibn Sina – pioneered the
science of experimental
medicine and was the first
 Africa
Astronomy was also famous in
African region. For instance,
documents show that Africans used
three types of calendars: lunar,
solar and stellar or combination of
the three.
 AFRICA
• Metallurgy was also known in the African regions
during the ancient times. They invented metal
tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in
building their magnificent architectures.
• The Lebomo Bone, which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical
calculation or a six-month lunar calendar, is
considered to be the oldest known mathematical
artifact dated from 35, 000 BCE.
 Information Age
Information Age is the shift from the
traditional industry that the industrial
revolution brought through industrialization
to an economy based on information
technology. This era brought about a time
period in which people could access
information and knowledge easily.
 COMPUTERS
by
Charles Babbage
Machines or devices
that performs
processes, calculations,
and operations based
on instructions. It gave
birth to the inventions
of desktop, laptop,
smartphones,
 STORAGE
DEVICES
This allowed the people
to save information
effortlessly and
efficiently without
worrying about the
number or amount of
data they need to
 INTERNET
This allowed the people to
access information
regardless of the distance
they need to travel and
difficulty of acquiring it.
Internet was known when
the discovery of the World
Wide Web (www) was
introduced by Sir Tim
 SOCIAL
NETWORKING
SITES
This allowed the people to
connect with other
individuals regardless of
the distance for easy
sharing and dissemination
of information. Facebook,
is one of the most famous
and widely used social
media platforms today.
 INFORMATION AGE

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Globalization of Knowledge • People become too
• Improved Communications dependent on technology

• Improved Innovation • People are being replaced

with machines producing
• Improved Entertainment shortage of job offers
• Improved Social Discovery • People are becoming lazier
• Makes Life Easier • Security issues may arise