Department of CSE

COURSE NAME: DBMS

COURSE CODE:22CS2110 R/A/P

Topic: DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS

Session - 1
 AIM OF THE SESSION

To familiarize students with the basic concept Database Management Systems

INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES

This Session is designed to: Characteristics of DBMS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this session, you should be able to: basic knowledge of DBMS
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
KEY CONCEPTS
 Basic Terminology (Data, Information)
 History of Database systems
 Approaches to store data
 File based Approach
 Problems with traditional Approach
 Database Approach
 Operations on database
 Components of Database
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Database Characteristics
 Differences between File and Database Approaches
 Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

BASIC TERMINOLOGY (DATA, INFORMATION)

The terms “data” and “information” are often used interchangeably, but they actually
aren’t the same.

Data Processing Information

(Raw facts and figures)
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS DATA ?
• Data is defined as a collection of individual facts or statistics. (While “datum” is technically the
singular form of “data,” it’s not commonly used in everyday language.)
• Data can come in the form of
• text,
• observations,
• figures,
• images,
• numbers,
• graphs, or
• symbols.

• For example, data might include individual prices, weights, addresses, ages, names, temperatures,
dates, or distances, etc.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS DATA?
• Data is a raw form of knowledge and, on its own, doesn’t carry any significance or
purpose. In other words, you have to interpret data for it to have meaning. Data can be
simple—and may even seem useless until it is analyzed, organized, and interpreted.
• There are two main types of data:
• Quantitative data is provided in numerical form, like the weight, volume, or cost of an
item.
• Qualitative data is descriptive, but non-numerical, like the name, sex, or eye color of a
person.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
• Information is defined as knowledge gained through study, communication, research, or
instruction.
• Essentially, information is the result of analyzing and interpreting pieces of data. Whereas
data is the individual figures, numbers, or graphs, information is the perception of those
pieces of knowledge.
• For example, a set of data could include temperature readings in a location over several
years. Without any additional context, those temperatures have no meaning. However, when
you analyze and organize that information, you could determine seasonal temperature
patterns or even broader climate trends. Only when the data is organized and compiled in a
useful way can it provide information that is beneficial to others.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA VS INFORMATION

• Data is a collection of facts, while information puts those facts into context.
• While data is raw and unorganized, information is organized.
• Data points are individual and sometimes unrelated. Information maps out that data
to provide a big-picture view of how it all fits together.
• Data, on its own, is meaningless. When it’s analyzed and interpreted, it becomes
meaningful information.
• Data does not depend on information; however, information depends on data.
• Data typically comes in the form of graphs, numbers, figures, or statistics.
Information is typically presented through words, language, thoughts, and ideas.
• Data isn’t sufficient for decision-making, but you can make decisions based on
information.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEMS

• Databases are a foundational element of the modern world. We interact with them even
without knowing it — any time we buy something online, or log in to a service, or access
our bank accounts, and so on.
• The concept of a database existed long before computers.
• In these times, data was stored in journals, in libraries, and in hundreds of filing cabinets.
• Everything was recorded via paper — and that meant it took up space, was hard to find, and
difficult to back up.

• And then computers became available, and with them, the opportunity for better data
management.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEMS

• The 1960s – beginnings

 Charles Bachman designed the first computerised database in the early 1960s. This first database was known as
the Integrated Data Store, or IDS.
 This was shortly followed by the Information Management System, a database created by IBM.

Both databases were forerunners of the ‘navigational database’.

Navigational databases required users to navigate through the entire database to find the information they
wanted.
There are two main models of this:
• hierarchical model (data is organised like a family tree)
• network model (a record to have more than one parent and child record)
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

• The 1970s – relational databases

A relational database is one that shows the relationship between different data records.
• searchable
• more space-efficient (reduced data storage costs)

• Ted Codd defined the relational data model

 Won the ACM Turing Award for this work
• IBM then released their relational database, named as, System R
 The first in the history of databases to use structured query language (SQL)
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

• The 1980s – growth and standardisation

• emergence of Object-oriented database management systems (OODBMS)
• view data as ‘objects’
• work with programming languages that supported the ‘object-oriented’ approach

• The 1990s – the internet

• object oriented database systems grow more popular in the 90s.
• the creation of the World Wide Web
• demand for client-server database systems
• the creation of MySQL in 1995
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

• The 2000s – NoSQL

• In 1998, the term NoSQL (not only structured query language) was coined.
• It refers to databases that use query language other than SQL to store and retrieve data.
• NoSQL databases are useful for unstructured data, and they saw a growth in the 2000s.
• This is a notable development in the history of databases because NoSQL allowed for faster
processing of larger, more varied datasets

• The 2010s – distributed databases and cybersecurity

• The 2010s were a decade of increased data awareness, with the rise of big data and an increased
emphasis on data protection.
• Big data was a major buzzword of the 2010 — and big data meant big databases to house it.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

APPROACHES TO STORE DATA

There are two approaches for storing data in computers:

• File-based approach.

• Database-approach.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
FILE BASED APPROACH

• A filesystem is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it
easy to find and access them.

• File systems may use a storage device such as a hard disk or CD ROM and involve maintaining the
physical location of the files.

• Programmers used programming languages such as COBOL, C++ to write applications that directly
accessed files to perform data management services and provide information for users.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
UNIVERSITY DATABASE IN FILE BASED SYSTEM
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
PROBLEMS IN TRADITIONAL APPROACH

 Data Security

 Data Redundancy

 Data Isolation

 Program / Data Dependence

 Lack of Flexibility

 Concurrent Access Anomalies

 SESSION INTRODUCTION

DATABASE APPROACH

Database: “A collection of related data”

“A database system is referred as a collection of related data, which contains

information about one particular organization”
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

DATABASE DEFINITIONS

The database is a single, large repository of data, which can

be used simultaneously by many departments and users.

The related information when placed is an organized form,

then it is called a database.

It can also defined as

• Specifying data types, structures and constraints of the data to be stored.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

DATABASE

 A database system is a collection of related information stored, so that it is available to many

users for different purposes.

 A database system is essentially nothing more than a computerized record-keeping system. i.e. it
is a computerized system whose overall purpose is to maintain information and make that
information available on demand.

 A database system is an electronic filing system, as it is a repository for a collection of

computerized data files.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
UNIVERSITY DATABASE IN DATABASE BASED SYSTEM
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
OPERATIONS ON DATABASES

• To add new information

• To view or retrieve the stored information

• To modify or edit the existing

• To remove or delete the unwanted information

• Arranging the information in a desired order etc.

 SESSION INTRODUCTION

COMPONENTS OF DATABASE
Database system involves four major components:
1. Data
2. Hardware
 Secondary storage (magnetic disks) together with the I/O devices, device controllers, I/O channels,
to hold the stored data.
 Processor(s) and associated Main memory, to support the execution of the database system software.
3. Software
 The database manager (DB manager) or, more usually database management system (DBMS).
4. Users
 Casual end-users, Naïve users, DBA, System analyst, Sophisticated users, Database designers,
Application Programmers.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
DBMS is the major software component of database system to manage database, thus, it is
called as database manager (DB manager).
All requests/queries from users for accessing to the database are handled by the DBMS.
DBMS interprets and processes user’s requests to retrieve information from a Database.

DBMS is a collection of interrelated files and a set of programs that allows several users
to access and modify these files.
DBMS is a software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a
computerized database.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
DBMS
The DBMS acts as an intermediary/interface between the Database and the Users.

Queries

Users
DBMS OS
Database
Programs
(COBOL/PL1/C/
Java…)

DBMS as an interface between physical Database and User’s requests

 SESSION INTRODUCTION

• DBMS, A database management system is the software system that allows users to define,
create and maintain a database and provides controlled access to the data.

• A database management system (DBMS) is basically a collection of programs that

enables users to store, modify, and extract information from a database as per the
requirements.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
Difference Between File and DBMS Operations
File system Interface DBMS Interface

End User End User

Application Programs Application Programs

Interface through Query (SQL)

Interface through high level language
SELECT * FROM Customer_Details
READ CUSTOMER_DETAILS-FILE AT END
STOP RUN
DBMS

Operating System Operating System

(Disk Manager, File Manager) (Disk Manager, File Manager)

Customer_Details file Customer_Details table

Customer_Loan file Customer_Loan table

File System (Disk Storage) Database(Disk Storage)

 SESSION INTRODUCTION

APPLICATION AREAS OF DBMS

• Banking
• Airline
• Universities
• Credit card Transactions
• Telecommunications
• Finance
• Sales
• Manufacturing
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

EXAMPLES OF DBMS

 The top commercial DBMS:

 Oracle
 Microsoft SQL Server
 IBM DB2
 Microsoft Access, etc.

 The top open source DBMS:

 MySQL
 PostgreSQL
 MongoDB
 Cassandra
 Redis
 SQL Lite, etc.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
WHICH DATABASE IS BETTER : COMMERCIAL OR OPEN
SOURCE DATABASE ?

 Both Commercial and Open Source database have their own Advantages and Disadvantages.

 In most cases it makes sense to choose Open Source as compared to Commercial Database
because :
 Open Source database is Cost effective.
 Better quality source code.
 More secure.
 More preferred.
 SESSION INTRODUCTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

Self-describing nature of a database system:

◦ A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular database (e.g. data
structures, types, and constraints)
◦ The description is called meta-data.
◦ This allows the DBMS software to work with different database applications.
Insulation between programs and data:
◦ Called program-data independence.
◦ Allows changing data structures and storage organization without having to
change the DBMS access programs
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

• Data Abstraction:
• A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users
with a conceptual view of the database
• Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data
storage details
• Support of multiple views of the data:
• Each user may see a different view of the database, which
describes only the data of interest to that user
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:

◦ Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update the database
◦ Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is
correctly executed or aborted
◦ Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction has its effect
permanently recorded in the database
◦ OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of database applications
This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
Advantages of DBMS
 Integrity can be enforced: Integrity of data means that data in
database is always accurate, such that incorrect information cannot
be stored in database
 Controlling Redundancy: Duplication of data is almost avoided
but not completely.
 Inconsistency can be avoided: When the same data is duplicated
and changes are made at one site, which is not propagated to the
other site, it gives rise to inconsistency and the two entries
regarding the same data will not agree
 SESSION INTRODUCTION
Other Advantages
 Data can be shared.

 Data Independence.

 Concurrent access.

 Recovery from crashes.

 Providing Backup and Recovery.

 Restricting unauthorized access.

 Solving enterprise requirement than individual requirement

 SESSION INTRODUCTION

Disadvantages of DBMS
 Complexity

 Higher impact of a failure.

 Cost of DBMS.

 Additional Hardware costs.

SESSION INTRODUCTION
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. Data is

(a) Used in decision making

(b) Raw facts or events
(c) Transformed facts
(d) Information

2. What is a database?

(a) Organized collection of information that cannot be accessed, updated, and managed
b) Collection of data or information without organizing
c) Organized collection of data or information that can be accessed, updated, and managed
d) Organized collection of data that cannot be updated
 SUMMARY

1. Understand the importance of DBMS

2. History of DBMS

3. Characteristics approach
 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Describe the history of DBMS.

2. List out the application areas of DBMS.

3. Analyze DBMS and file systems.

4. Summarize the characteristics of database approach.

 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE
SESSION

Reference Books:
1. 1. Database System Concepts, Sixth Edition, Abraham Silberschatz, Yale University Henry, F. Korth
Lehigh University, S. Sudarshan Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.
2. Fundamentals of Database Systems, 7th Edition, RamezElmasri, University of Texas at Arlington,
Shamkant B. Navathe, University of Texas at Arlington.

Web Link:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105175
THANK YOU

Team – DBMS