Hypothesis Testing (Null and Alternative)

Hypothes
is testing:
null and alternative
hypothesis
Statistics and Probability
ALEX S. MENDIOLA
Mathematics Teacher
Key
Key concepts
concepts of
of testing
testing hypothesis
hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
● It is a decision-making process for evaluating claims
about a population.
● It is basically testing an assumption or conjecture about a
population parameter which may or may not be true.
Examples.
Examples.
1. Does the mean height of grade 11 students differ from 66 inches?

2. Is the proportion of senior male students height significantly higher
than the senior female students?
Null
Null hypothesis
hypothesis
NULL HYPOTHESIS
● It is denoted by .
● It is the initial claim.
● It show no significant difference, no changes, nothing
happened, no relationship between two parameters.
● The independent variable has no effect on the dependent
variable.
alternative
alternative hypothesis
hypothesis
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
● It is denoted by
● It is the contrary to the null hypothesis.
● It shows that there is significant difference, an effect, change,
relationship between a parameter and specific value.
● The independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable.
Null
Null and
and alternative
hypothesis
NULL HYPOTHESIS, .
Equal to, the same as, not changed from, is
=
NON-DIRECTIONAL
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
≠ Not equal, different from, changed from, not the same as
Greater than, above, higher than, longer than, bigger than,

> increased, or at least
DIRECTIONAL
Less than, below, lower than, smaller than, shorter than, decreased
< or reduced from, at most
State
State the
the null
null and
and alternative
hypothesis for
for
each
each statement
statement
Example 1. The average age of bus drivers in Metro Manila is 38.8
years.
The average age of bus The average age of bus
drivers is 38.8 years drivers is not 38.8 years
Example 2. The average number of calories of a low - calorie meal is at

most 300.
The average number of The average number of
calories is more than calories is at most 300.
300.
State
State the
the null
null and
and alternative
hypothesis for
for
each
each statement
statement
3. The school record claims that the mean score in Math of the incoming Grade
11 students is 8.1. The teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She tests if
there is significant difference between the batch mean score and the mean score
of students in her class.
NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS IN NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
WORDS IN SYMBOL
The mean score of the incoming Grade

11 students is 8.1
𝑯 𝒐 : 𝝁=𝟖 . 𝟏
The mean score of the incoming Grade
11 students is not 8.1
𝑯 𝒂 :𝝁 ≠ 𝟖 .𝟏
State
State the
the null
null and
and alternative
hypothesis for
for
each
each statement
statement
4. A social worker wants to test ( whether the average body mass index (BMI)
of the pupils under feeding program is different from 18.2 kg.
NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS IN NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

WORDS IN SYMBOL
The average BMI of the pupils under
feeding program is not different from
18.2
𝐇 𝟎 : 𝛍 =𝟏𝟖.𝟐
The average BMI of the pupils under
feeding program is different from 18.2 𝑯 𝒂 : 𝛍 <𝟏𝟖.𝟐
Test
Test yourself
yourself
1. A biologist discover an additive to increase lifespan of a rechargeable battery. The said
additive will extend on average the batter’s lifespan to 48 months.
____________________________________
____________________________________
2. A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new medicine reduces uric acid by
50%.
____________________________________
____________________________________
3. James want to test whether the mean height of grade 10 students is 60 inches.
____________________________________
____________________________________
Research
Research problem,
problem, ho
ho and
and h1
h1
Effect of Blended Learning on Math Performance:
• Research Problem: Does blended learning (combination of online and in-
person classes) improve the mathematics performance of STEM Grade 11
students compared to traditional classroom instruction?
• Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant difference in the mathematics
performance of STEM Grade 11 students between blended learning and
traditional classroom instruction (μ₁ = μ₂).
• Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): Blended learning leads to a significant
difference in mathematics performance, either positive (μ ₁ > μ ₂) or negative
(μ₁ < μ₂) compared to traditional classroom instruction.
Research
Research problem,
problem, ho
ho and
and h1
h1
Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Science Test Scores:
• Research Problem: Does sleep deprivation have a negative effect
on the science test scores of STEM Grade 11 students?
• Null Hypothesis (H₀): Sleep deprivation (defined by a specific
number of hours) has no significant effect on the science test scores
of STEM Grade 11 students (μ₁ = μ₂).
• Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): Sleep deprivation leads to a significant
decrease in science test scores (μ₁ < μ₂).
Research
Research problem,
problem, ho
ho and
and h1
h1
Relationship Between Time Spent on Online Tutorials and Physics
Problem-Solving Skills:
• Research Problem: Is there a positive correlation between the time
spent using online physics tutorials and the problem-solving skills of
STEM Grade 11 students?
• Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant correlation between
time spent on online physics tutorials and problem-solving skills (ρ =
0).
• Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): There is a positive correlation between
time spent on online tutorials and problem-solving skills (ρ > 0).
Research
Research problem,
problem, ho
ho and
and h1
h1
Influence of Parental Encouragement on Engineering Design
Project Performance:
• Research Problem: Does parental encouragement have a positive
influence on the performance of STEM Grade 11 students in
engineering design projects?
• Null Hypothesis (H₀): Parental encouragement has no significant
influence on the performance of STEM Grade 11 students in
engineering design projects (μ₁ = μ₂).
• Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): Parental encouragement leads to a
significant improvement in the performance of engineering design
projects (μ₁ > μ₂).
Research
Research problem,
problem, ho
ho and
and h1
h1
Effectiveness of Gamification in Enhancing Learning Motivation for
Chemistry:
• Research Problem: Does incorporating gamification elements (e.g.,
points, badges, leaderboards) into chemistry lessons increase the
learning motivation of STEM Grade 11 students?
• Null Hypothesis (H₀): Gamification has no significant effect on the
learning motivation of STEM Grade 11 students in chemistry (μ₁ =
μ₂).
• Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): Gamification leads to a significant
increase in learning motivation for chemistry (μ₁ > μ₂).
Mathematics is not about
numbers, equations,
computations or algorithms: it
is about understanding.
—SOMEONE
—SOMEONE FAMOUS
FAMOUS
THANKS
a lot!
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Hypothes

1. Does the mean height of grade 11 students differ from 66 inches?

Greater than, above, higher than, longer than, bigger than,

Example 2. The average number of calories of a low - calorie meal is at

The mean score of the incoming Grade

NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS IN NULL AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES

Please keep this slide as attribution

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