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    Hvac CH 4-2

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    Hvac CH 4-2

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    HVAC CH 4-2

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    Hvac CH 4-2

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    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Vapour Absorption Refrigeration


    Systems
    Based On Ammonia- Water Pair

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    In vapour absorption refrigeration systems based on ammonia-water pair, ammonia is


    the refrigerant and water is the absorbent. These systems are more versatile than
    systems based on water-lithium bromide as they can be used for both sub-zero
    (refrigeration) as well above 0oC (air conditioning) applications. However, these
    systems are more complex in design and operation due to the smaller boiling point
    temperature difference between the refrigerant and absorbent (about 133 oC). Due to
    the smaller boiling point temperature difference the vapour generated in the generator
    consists of both ammonia as well as water. If water is allowed to circulate with
    ammonia in the refrigerant circuit, then:
    i. Heat transfer in condenser and evaporator becomes non-isothermal
    ii. Evaporator temperature increases
    iii. Evaporation will not be complete
    iv. Water may get accumulated in the evaporator leading to malfunctioning of the
    plant
    iv. Circulation ratio increases

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    16.2. Properties of ammonia-water solutions

    Composition

    mass fraction

    where mA and mW are the mass of ammonia and water in solution, respectively

    mall fraction

    where MA (= 17.0 kg/kmol) and MW (= 18.0 kg/kmol) are the molecular weights of
    ammonia and water respectively

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Vapour pressure of ammonia-water solutions

    If Raoult’s law is applied to ammonia-water mixtures, then the total


    pressure at any temperature, Ptotal is given by

    where x is the liquid phase mole fraction of ammonia, PA and PW are the
    saturation pressures of pure ammonia and pure water at that
    temperature. ammonia-water solutions also deviate from ideal solution
    behavior predicted by Raoult’s law in a negative manner at a given
    temperature of the solution the actual vapour pressure will be less than
    that predicted by Raoult’s law (activity coefficient is much smaller
    than 1.0 For example, at a mass fraction of 0.4 and temperature of
    40oC, Raoult’s law predicts a vapour pressure of 6.47 bar, whereas the
    measured vapour pressure is 3.029 bar.

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department
    Composition of ammonia-water vapour

    Since the vapour above ammonia-


    water liquid consists of both
    ammonia and water vapour, it is
    essential to distinguish between the
    composition in liquid phase and
    composition in vapour phase. The
    superscripts L and V will be used to
    distinguish between liquid and
    vapour phase compositions. Thus ξL
    stands for liquid phase mass
    fraction and ξV stands for vapour
    phase mass fraction

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Bubble point and dew point for ammonia-water mixtures

    It should be noted that


    unlike pure fluids, the
    temperature of the ammonia-
    water mixture increases
    continuously as the liquid
    undergoes vaporization

    A simple experiment illustrating the principle of bubble and dew points

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Equilibrium temperature-concentration
    curve for NH3-H2O at a constant
    pressure

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Bubble point and dew point curves at two


    different pressures

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Enthalpy of ammonia-water mixtures

    The enthalpy of ammonia-water solution in liquid phase, h L is calculated

    Vapour phase:

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    where y is the vapour phase mole fraction of ammonia and P total is the total pressure.
    It should be noted that PA and PW are equal to the partial pressures of ammonia and
    water only if they behave as ideal gases. However since ammonia and water vapour
    may not approach the ideal gas behavior at all temperatures and pressures, in general
    PA and PW are not equal to the partial pressures. Using this method enthalpies of
    ammonia-water mixtures in vapour phase have been obtained as functions of
    temperature and mass fraction.

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department
    The complete enthalpy-composition diagram for ammonia-water mixtures

    For point P

    where ψb is the quality or dryness fraction


    of the two-phase mixture at b. Since
    points a, a’ and b are co-linear, the
    dryness fraction ψb is given by:

    Enthalpy-composition diagram of NH3-H2O at a


    constant pressure P
    For example, a liquid mixture with a mass fraction of 0.4 and temperature of 80 oC has an
    enthalpy of 210 kJ/kg, and it will be in subcooled condition if the pressure is 4.29 bar and
    saturated if the pressure is 8.75 bar

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Determination of temperature of mixture in two-phase region

    trial-and-error method has to be used to


    determine the temperature of a point in
    two-phase region if its enthalpy, liquid
    phase mass fraction and pressure are
    known

    A graphical method for finding temperature of liquid-vapour mixture

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department
    A binary vapour mixture consisting of ammonia and water is at a mole fraction of 0.9
    and 10 C. If the partial pressures of ammonia and water vapour in the mixture are 616.25
    o

    kPa and 1.227 kPa, respectively; and the specific vapour enthalpies of ammonia and
    water are 1471.57 kJ/kg and 2519.9 kJ/kg, respectively, find a) the vapour pressure of the
    mixture, and b) the specific enthalpy of the mixture.

    a) Assume the vapour mixture to behave as a mixture of ideal gases, then the total
    pressure of the mixture Pv is given by:

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Find the dryness fraction (quality) and specific enthalpy of the two-phase (liquid &
    vapour) of ammonia-water mixture using the following data:
    Liquid phase mass fraction, ξL = 0.30
    Vapour phase mass fraction, ξV = 0.87
    Mass fraction of 2-phase mixture, ξ = 0.50
    Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, hL = 340 kJ/kg
    Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour, hV = 1640 kJ/kg

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    ►Basic steady-flow processes with binary mixtures:


    a) Adiabatic mixing of two streams: When two streams of
    ammonia-water solutions are mixed adiabatically as shown in
    Fig.. one can write mass and energy balance equations as:

    b) From the above equations. the mass fraction and enthalpy of


    the mixture at 3 are given
    by:

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Adiabatic mixing of two streams on h-T-ξ


    diagram
    Adiabatic mixing of two solution streams

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    The dryness fraction and temperature of the mixture (T 3) have to be obtained by trial-and-error
    method by applying mixing rules. The fraction of the vapour in the mixture at 3 is then given
    by

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    b) Mixing of two streams with heat transfer

    The process of mixing of two streams with heat transfer takes place in absorber and
    generator of absorption refrigeration systems

    Mixing of two streams with heat transfer

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    ►b) Mixing of two streams with heat transfer


    The process of mixing of two streams with written as: heat transfer takes place in
    absorber and generator of absorption refrigeration systems. For example,
    Fig.16.10 shows the mixing of saturated refrigerant vapour (state 1) with
    saturated solution of refrigerant-absorbent (state 2) in the absorber. The resulting
    mixture is a solution that is rich in refrigerant (state 3). Since the process is
    exothermic, heat (Q) is released during this process. Mass and energy balance
    equations for this process can be

    From the above equations, the enthalpy of the mixture at 3 is given by

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    ►c) Throttling process


    Throttling or isenthalpic expansion of ammonia-water solution takes place in the
    solution expansion valve of the absorption refrigeration system. Figure shows
    the throttling process on enthalpy-composition diagram. Since both mass and
    energy are conserved during this process, and there is neither work nor heat
    transfer, we obtain:

    Hence the inlet and outlet states, points 1 and 2 are identical on enthalpy-composition
    diagram as shown in the figure. However, as there is possibility of vapour generation due to
    flashing, the exit condition may be a mixture of saturated liquid and vapour at the outlet
    pressure P2 then the exit temperature T2 will be much lower than the inlet temperature T 1.
    Taking point 2 as in the two-phase region corresponding to the outlet pressure P 2, one can get
    the vapour fraction and exit temperature T 2 by trial-end-error method as discussed earlier.

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Throttling of ammonia-water solution

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Heating and cooling of NH3-H2O solution – concept of rectification

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Two solution streams are mixed in a steady flow device. A heat transfer rate of 24 kW
    takes place from the device. Find the exit concentration and enthalpy using the data given
    below:
    Stream 1: Mass flow rate, m1 = 0.1 kg/s
    Concentration, ξ1 = 0.7
    Enthalpy, h1 = 110 kJ/kg
    Stream 2: Mass flow rate, m2 = 0.3 kg/s
    Concentration, ξ2 = 0.4
    Enthalpy, h2 = 250 kJ/kg

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Generator/desorber

    Condenser

    Evaporator

    Solution heat exchanger

    Solution pump

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    Example : the following data are for an ammonia absorption system


    refrigerating. Capacity is 150 Ton refrigeration, pump suction
    pressure 1.7 bar, pump discharge pressure 15 bar, specific volume for
    strong solution 1. 18 x lO-4 m3/kg flow rate through pump 16 kg/kg
    ammonia and pump efficiency. 0.65, cooling effect 1400 kJ/kg, heat
    rejected through . condenser 1235 kJ/kg and through absorber 2235
    kJ/kg Determine:
    (a) System COP
    (b) Power required for the pump
    (c) Rate of steam consumption, for steam Pressure 6 bar.

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC


    Sana’a University Mechanical Engineering department

    EX. 2 The streams o f ammonia-water solution both saturated


    liquid at 4 bar are mixed. One stream has an ammonia concentration
    of 0.25 and is supplied at 1 5 kg/min . The other stream at ammonia
    concentration 0.75 is supplied at 10 kg/min. At what rate must heat
    energy be supplied to convert all the mixture to saturated vapor at the
    same pressure

    Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi HVAC

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