VRAJBHOOMI

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT

Topic : METAL DETECTOR

NAME: SIA PATEL

CLASS:12
SCIENCE YEAR:
2023-24 ROLL
NO.:
1|Page
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sia Patel of class
12-Science, has successfully submitted her
project work on Metal detector
as a part of Physics Project for the year
2023-24.

Teacher's sign Examiner's

sign

Principal's sign School

seal

2|Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to the worthy Principal Mrs. Bindu Bhatt
for their encouragement and for all the facilities
that they have provided for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my physics teacher
Mr. Badal Makwan who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
for his valuable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project.
I would also like to thank our Laboratory Assistant,
Mr. Dharmesh Sharma, who helped us with
various instruments in the laboratory.
I cannot forget to offer my sincere thanks to my
parents and classmates who also helped me for
the advice and support that I received from time
to time.
Sia Patel,
XII Science

3|Page
TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of project
4. Theory
5. Apparatus
6. Circuit Diagram
7. Applications
8. Conclusion
9. Bibliography

4|Page
 AIM OF PROJECT
The aim of the project is to make
Metal Dectector that is use to detect
various metals in any privacy.

5|Page
 THEORY
Metal detectors is a device that can detect metal,
the basics can make a sound when it is near some
metal. It works on the principle of transmitting a
magnetic field and analysing a return signal from
the target and environment. When some metal are
coming close to the coil the amplitude of
reflective
pulse is getting little lower and a duration of the
pulse a little longer. The need for detection is very
clear to protect our self from any kind of danger.

6|Page
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. CD4011
The CD4011 is a CMOS (Complementary
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) integrated
circuit (IC) that belongs to the 4000 series
of logic gates. It contains four 2-input
NAND gates (NOT-AND gates). Each gate
has two inputs (A and B) and one output
(Y). The outputs are active-low, meaning
they are normally high (at the power
supply voltage), and they go low (near 0V)
when certain conditions are met. It is
widely used in electronic circuits. The
CD4011 is a versatile component
commonly used in digital electronics for
its logical capabilities. Commonly used in
digital logic circuit design. Suitable for
various applications where NAND gate
functionality is required.

7|Page
8|Page
2. TRANSISTOR
BC547
The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar
transistor (BJT), in which the letters"P" refer
to the majority of charge carriers inside
the
different regions of the transistor. Most
bipolar transistors used today are NPN,
because of electron mobility in
semiconductors, allowing greater
currents
and faster operation. NPN transistors consist
of a layer of P-doped semiconductor(the
"base") between two N-doped layers. A
small current entering the base in common-
emitter mode is amplified in the collector
output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is
"on" when its base is pulled high relative to
the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor
symbol is on the emitter leg and points in
the direction of conventional current flow
when the device is in forward active mode.
9|Page
BC547 is used in common emitter
configurations for amplifiers. For switching
applications, the transistor is biased so that it
remains fully on if there is a signal at its
base.
In the absence of the base signal, it gets
completely off.

10 | P a g e
3.
RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. The current
through a resistor is in direct proportion to
the voltage across the resistor's terminals.
This relationship is represented by OHM's
law: V=IR where I is the current through the
conductor in units of amperes, V is the
potential difference measured across the
conductor in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of
OHMs.

11 | P a g e
4.
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive element which can store
a charge when a voltage is applied across it.
The charge-storing capacity can be determined
by
the product of the capacitance of the capacitor
and the voltage applied across it. The value of
the voltage and capacitance are mentioned on
the label of the capacitor. The electrolytic
capacitor has polarity, polarity means it has
designated positive and negative legs. The leg
which is longer is positive pin and the shorter leg
is negative. The negative pin has a negative
symbol marked on it. They are the most widely
used capacitor type out there and can be used in
a wide range of applications like filter
circuits, ripple smoothing, Resonant
circuits, Isolation and noise removal circuits. Care
should be taken as swapping the legs or
applying more voltage across its legs might
result in overheating and even bursting of the
capacitor.

12 | P a g e
capacitors are an important and versatile
function to varied applications, they are used in
a wide range of industries.
The capacitor used in this project-
4 ceramic capacitor
1 Electrolytic Capacitor

Electrolytic
Capacitor

Ceramic
Capacitor

13 | P a g e
5.
SPEAKER
An 8-ohm 0.25-watt speaker is an electronic
component that converts electrical signals
into sound waves. It is typically used in small
electronic devices, such as cell phones,
portable speakers, and handheld radios,
where space is limited and low power
consumption is important.Speakers are
used
in a wide variety of electronic devices,
including cell phones, portable
speakers,
handheld radios, home theatre systems, and
computer speakers. They are essential
components of these devices, as they allow
the user to hear the audio output of the
device.

14 | P a g e
 6. COPPER
COIL
Copper coil is commonly used in general
plumbing, heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning (HVAC) industry. It is a
durable,
reliable and economical material with good
electrical conductivity amongst other metals.
Metal Detector Coil operates by sending an
electrical current through a coiled copper wire
to generate a magnetic field (this coil is called
the transmit or TX coil). When this magnetic
field encounters metal it induces an equal
opposing current which is sampled by the
receive.

15 | P a g e
 7.
POTENTIOMETER
A variable resistor, often referred to as a
potentiometer or "pot," is an adjustable
resistor with three terminals. The resistance is
5k ohms, meaning it can be adjusted to
provide resistance values ranging from 0
ohms to 5,000 ohms. Cermet potentiometers
often provide good stability and reliability.
used for tasks such as volume and tone
control in audio devices, brightness
adjustment in displays, and input
sensitivity
modulation in amplifiers. Its
applications also
extend to setting bias points for transistors,
calibration in electronic equipment, and as
part of voltage dividers for variable output
voltages.

16 | P a g e
 8. BATTERY
A nine-volt battery, either disposable or
rechargeable, is usually used in smoke
alarms, smoke detectors, walkie-talkies,
transistor radios, test and instrumentation
devices, medical batteries, LCD displays,
and other small portable appliances.

17 | P a g e
 PROCEDURE
1) Power Supply Section:
• Connect the positive terminal of the 9V
battery to the VDD pin of the CD4011 IC.
• Connect the negative terminal of the 9V
battery to the ground (GND) pin of the
CD4011 IC.
2) Oscillator Circuit:
• Build the oscillator circuit using pins 1, 2,
and 4 of the CD4011 IC, and use a resistor
and a ceramic capacitor to set the
frequency of the oscillator.
3) Connect the Transistor and Speaker:
• Connect the output of the CD4011 IC (pin
3) to the base of the BC547 transistor
through a resistor Connect the collector of
the BC547 transistor to the positive
terminal of the 9V battery.

18 | P a g e
• Connect the emitter of the BC547
transistor to one terminal of the speaker.
• Connect the other terminal of the speaker
to the ground (GND).
4) Induction Coil (Copper Coil):
• Wind the copper wire to create an
induction coil and connect one end to the
input of the oscillator circuit (pin 2 of the
CD4011).
• Connect the other end of the coil to the
ground.
5) Potentiometer:
• Connect one end of the potentiometer to
the input of the oscillator circuit (pin 1 of
the CD4011).
• Connect the other end of the
potentiometer to the positive terminal of
the 9V battery.

19 | P a g e
• Connect the wiper (middle terminal) of the
potentiometer to the ground.
6) Add the Electrolytic Capacitor:
• Connect the positive terminal of the
100μF electrolytic capacitor to the
positive terminal of the 9V battery.
• Connect the negative terminal of the
100μF electrolytic capacitor to the
ground.
• This capacitor helps stabilize the
power supply and smooth out voltage
variations.
7) Testing:
• Power up the circuit using the 9V
battery.
• Adjust the potentiometer to control
the sensitivity of the metal
detector.Bring a metal object close
to
the copper coil, and you should hear a
change in the speaker tone. 20 | P a g e
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

21 | P a g e
 APPLICATIONS
1) Airports and Building Security
Metal Detectors are Use for Airport
and Building security to determine
whether guns, knives, or other
weapons are being transported onto
aircraft into public places.

22 | P a g e
2) Construction Industry
Metal Detector are also used in the
Construction industry to locate steel
reinforcement bars embedded in
concrete, and to pinpoint metal pipes
and wires in floors and walls. This is
useful in avoiding unnecessary
damage when eplacing plumbing or
writing in building or house.

23 | P a g e
3) Civil Engineering
In Civil Engineering metal detector
are used to locate rebar
(strengthen steel use as rod in
concrete). Rebar detector are less
sophisticated. Detectors can
only locate mettalic objects
below the surface.

24 | P a g e
4) Land mines
Land Mine Detector can sense as
little as 0.5 gram of metals. So now-
a-days militaries are using land mine
detector to identify the Land mines
Military has used metal detector to
Pinpoint buried land mines since
world war I.

25 | P a g e
 ADVANTAGES
 Circuit Diagram is very simple.
 We can easily measure the
oscillation frequency of this circuit.
 It has some sensitivity through
which it can sense the metal easily.
 Instead of fixed Capacitor value, we
can also use variable capacitor for
turning purpose.

DISADVANTAGES
 It has less sensitivity.
 Even the good coil compensation
could not always detect the smaller
target to require depth.

26 | P a g e
 CONCLUSION
The equipment is compact, simple in
design and can be used practically
anywhere needs. It is adaptable to
different environments and detection
requirements.
This DIY metal detector project serves as
an educational and practical
exploration of basic electronic
principles, offering insights into the
interactions between
electromagnetic fields and conductive
materials. The ability to detect metal
objects makes this circuit valuable for
applications ranging from hobbyist
treasure hunting to educational
demonstrations.

27 | P a g e
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Textbook Class 12 Physics
Part-I
 NCERT Textbook class 12 physics
Part-II
 https://youtu.be/H7DT4a30QqA?s

i=kRxU1D-4xw59im2Z
 https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=A

wrKBXD083ZlVFMmIzS7HAx.;_ylu
=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZ
AMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1702323
317/RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2f
www.slideshare.net%2fpranav_gh
%2fmetal-detector- 31234600/R
K=2/RS=h6Xo5hZepS
QuGaXeLwai_eV.VyI-

28 | P a g e
THANK YOU!!

29 | P a g e