Communication with laser beam

Communicating with laser is not new. the laser beam is used as a carrier, which is modulated by the signal to be transmitted. On the receiver end, the desired signal is separated from the carrier. A wireless laser link (through a laser diode) is used to transmit information from one end to another in its line of sight.
Here

References
1. Application Of Electronics R. D. Supekar. 1. Practical Electronics P. K. Patil. M. M. Chitnis. 1. Electronics For U. ( Magazine ) 2. Source- Internet.

- Guided by S. S. Patil Sir. R. S. Rajput Sir.

Costing
Sr NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of Component IC 555 IC LM356 Diode Resistor Capacitor (0.1 ) Transistor 2N2222 L14F1 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. IC holder PCB Layout PCB Laser Diode Battery 9 V Speaker 8 0.5w Pot ( 10 k) TOTAL 2 1 4 2 2 1 4 1 3 44 15 125 3 500 200 30 25 25 10 30 125 12 1000 400 30 100 25 30 1845.25 1 3 2 9 9 5 25 1 1 0.25 5 75 2 9 2.25 Qty. Price Amount.

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
We extend our sincere thanks to Prof. S. S. Patil Sir and Prof. R. S. Rajput Sir for guiding us with very valuable information, and for making our project a great success. Our thanks also extend to the following list of books application of electronics-Prof. R. D. Supekar, Practical electronics-Prof. P. K. Patil, M.M. Chitnis. Our friends also had a prime part in making this project of success by sharing their ideas about how to go on with it. Thus last but not least, our special thanks goes to the person who is reading this project..

Introduction
Todays world is considered as the great world of electronics where each and every moment of life is concerned with the works of electronics. One such great event that is considered as important in this above world is the military communication through laser beam.

Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickelchrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

Capacitor
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

Diode

In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with nonlinear resistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear resistors which obey Ohm's law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers.

Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.

Speaker
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that produces sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as accessories to telephone systems, but electronic amplification by vacuum tube made loudspeakers more generally useful. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper cone supporting a voice coil electromagnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many other types exist. Where accurate reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and concerts, and in public address systems.

Battery
An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth. There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

Pot

A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting

sensitivity along with a sensor.

The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance.

pcb

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production; the production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.

ic 555
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1971 by Sign tics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability, and is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.

IC HOLDER
ICs (chips) are easily damaged by heat when soldering and their short pins cannot be protected with

a heat sink. Instead we use an IC holder, strictly called a DIL socket (DIL = Dual In-Line), which can be safely soldered onto the circuit board. The IC is pushed into the holder when all soldering is complete. IC holders are only needed when soldering so they are not used on breadboards.

working
In this circuit, an electric signal is transmitted from one place to another riding over the laser beam. If you vary some parameters of the transmitted signal (such as amplitude and frequency) the received signal changes accordingly. The entire circuit can be divided into two parts transmitter and receiver. Fig.1 shows the transmitter circuit built around timer 555 (IC1) .IC1 is wired as an astable multivibrator generating a pulse train at its pin 3 that serves as the modulation input for the laser diode. Set the frequency of this pulse train to around 1 kHz using presets VR1 & VR2. The potential divider arrangement of resistors R2, R3 and preset VR3 is used to reduce the peak

amplitude of the pulse train. The driver circuit for the laser diode is built around ICLM356 (IC2), transistor T1 and a few discrete components. The transmitter circuit is powered by two 9V batteries that provides +9V, -9V and ground supplies. These voltages are provided to the transmitter circuit through DPST switch S1. The receiver circuit is built around IC3, IC4 and a few discrete components. The gain stage is built around ICLM356 (IC3) with gain value of (R6+R7)/R6. The output of IC3 drives a speaker through the emitterfollower arrangement configured around transistor T3. The unity-gain buffer stage built around IC4 facilitates viewing of the received signal on an oscilloscope if so desired. The receiver circuit too is powered by two 9V batteries that provide +9V,-9V and ground supplies. These voltages are provided to the receiver circuit through DPST switch S2. Working of the circuit is simple. Align the transmitter and the receiver so that the laser light directly falls on the phototransistor. The speaker connected between emitter of T3 and ground beeps to indicate that laser communication is taking place. You can change the pitch of the audio beep by changing the frequency of the transmitted signal through presets VR1 in the transmitter.