PAVEMENT DESIGN

CHAPTER 2 HIGHWAY MATERIALS

 Chapter Outline

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PAVEMENT LAYERS
Subgrade
Subbase
Road base
Surfacing

3. PAVING
MATERIALS
Aggregate
2 Bitumen
 INTRODUCTION
The needs for roads stems from the invention of wheels in
Samaria
Among early roads:
■ Silk Route – 2600BC ,silk , China- India
■ Persian Empire- silk, porcelain and wood crafts, China-
Europe
■ Britain/Europe – 2500BC, log-raft type
■ India – bricks, piped surface drainage systems
■ Mesopotamia & Egypt – paved in asphalt and bricks,
Pyramid
■ Roman roads – greatest road building era, 3 structured
layers (levelled earth, gravelled surface, paved)
3
 Tresaguet (1716)

cambered formation, differential settlement problem

 John Metcalf (1717)

Gravel

Excavated
road
material
Large stone

Foundation

Blind Jack (musician & horse trade), built 290 km in Yorkshire, proper drainage & large stone foundation
 Thomas Telford (1757)

civil eng in Britain, built 1600 km ++, flat formation, other layers even thickness
John Macadam (1756)

true highway engineering specialist, surveyor,

cambered formation, other layers even thickness,
use small angular aggregats, cheaper and
easier
Types of road surface

 Earth road
 Gravelled surface
 Flexible pavement asphaltic concrete
porous pavement/porous asphalt stone
mastic asphalt
 Rigid pavement- Concrete road
 Interlocking block pavement

8
Pavement layers
Sub -
Grade
 Sub –Grade: Unsuitable
Materials
1. Silt, peat, logs, stumps, toxic material and mud

2. Any material
• Consists of highly organic clay and silt;
• Having LL > 80% and/or PI > 55%;
• Susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
• Containing large amounts of roots, grass and other vegetable matter.
 Compaction

2. CBR TEST (determine CBR at 95%

compaction)
1.COMPACTION TEST (determine MDD
Purpose – determine bearing capacity of and OMC) 3 mold at OMC, vary no. of blows to obtain
material against standard crushed 95% compaction, calculate DD, soak,
mold 2.3L, hammer 4.5 kg, 62 blows/layer,
aggregate drain, CBR test, plot Load vs. Penetration
5 layers, 5 different mc, obtain Bulk
graph, calculate CBR at 2.5 and 5.0mm,
Density >>> Dry density >>> plot DD vs. MC
CBR vs DD>>CBR at 95% MDD
 Compaction

13
 Compaction

DD vs. MC

MDD
Compaction
Curve

Dry Density

OMC

Moisture Content

14
 CBR

15
 CBR

16
 CBR Testing

17
1 3

2
 CBR vs. DD Data

19
 CBR vs. DD

20
 • CBR value :
• SG: 3- 15%
• SB: 15- 40%
• RB: 60- 100%

21
 Assist in
load
spreading

Provide
Separator platform for
Sub base: construction

Function

Protection to
the exposed Drainage
sub-grade layer
Sub -
base

Mooc 2832
 Road base : Main spreading
layer
Dry Bound Macadam Wet mix macadam Cement Stabilised Bituminous Macadam
(natural interlock) • Agreggate + 2-5% base Roadbase
• Aggregate water (plant) -Aggregate + cement (3- • Agg+ filler+ bitumen
Composite
interlocking • Less segreagation , 6%) (site/plant) (4-5%) (plant)
• 1st layer –course agg : easy to compact. • Costly -1st layer- unbound
-Cure before laying material
75-100mm • 200-300 mm
surface
• 2nd layer- fine agg : -2nd layer- bound
25-50mm material bituminous
macadam/cement
bound
Surface
layer

Mooc 2832
ROAD PAVING MATERIALS
Aggregate – carry
traffic load, main
interlocking
structure

Road Paving
Materials

Bitumen – bind Filler – fill small voids,

aggregates durable mixture,
increase viscosity of
producing strong,
binder, reduces
durable & stable
binder run-off
mixture
 Natural Aggregate

27
 Artificial aggregate – steel slag waste from ore to produce iron, steel,
nickel, etc.

28
Types of
Aggregate
For road construction, aggregate classified according to size:

Course Fine Aggregates Filler

aggregates
(2.36 – 75 (< 75 micron)
( > micron)
2.36mm)
 Types of Aggregate

1. Coarse – ( > 2.36mm) crushed aggregate

30
 2. Fine – (2.36 – 75 micron) fine crushed aggregate, sand
(river,
mining)

31
 3. Filler – (< 75 micron) fine materials such as cement,
lime, crushed aggregate dust

32
 Aggregate Size Definitions
100 100
100 • Nominal Maximum Aggregate 99
90 89
Size
72 72
 Largest sieve size that retains
65 some of the agg, but not more than 65
48 10% 48
36 • Maximum Aggregate Size 36
22  Smallest sieve size which 100% of 22
15 the agg pass 15
9 9
4 4

47
Aggregate
properties STRENGHTH
crushing, impact,
during construction
& traffic load (ACV,
TFV,AIV, LAAV)
DURABILITY
RELATIVE DENSITY
AND ABSORPRION resistance to
disintegration
stripping, drying time, under
mix design (SG, WA) weathering
(Soundness)

Aggregate
SHAPE AND
RESISTANCE TO Properties SURFACE
WEAR
(HARDNESS) TEXTURE
rounded under interlocking,
traffic, skid resistance to
resistance (PSV) sliding, affect
strength (FI, EI)

AFFINITY
GRADATION
properly
quality &
coated by
binder
pavement
(Coating and
strength
stripping)
(Sieving)
ACV (Aggregate crushing value : Strength ) Resistance to crushing under gradually
applied compressive load

•Passing 14, retained

10, 3000gm

49
 ACV - Process

3 layers, compact
each layer 25 times

Compression machine, 10 min

Load 0-400kn ACV = (weight pass 2.36mm) x100%
50 (weight original)
 Soundness

37
 Sieve Set

38
 Analisis Ayakan

100 Sieve
Analysis
90

80

70
Percent Passing, %

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Sieve Size, m m

39
 Bitume
n
Two types of binder -
(interchangeably due to
misconception, diff. origin,
chem. composition, physical
characteristics.)

Bitumen – viscous liquid/solid, black or

brown in color, having adhesive qualities, Tar – black-brown, adhesive quality, a
consisting essentially of hydrocarbons, product of coal (insoluble in petroleum, high
derived from petroleum or occuring temperature susceptibility, heavier, health
naturally and soluble in carbon disulphate hazards, distinct odor)
(80-85% C, 10% H)
 Penetration
Grading

Grading
System
Superpave
Viscosity Performance
Grading Grading (PG)
 Penetration Grading
• Penetration test at 25˚C, 1 Pen= 0.1mm
• 80-100 PEN, new spec 60-70 PEN
• Range- 40-300 PEN
• uses the penetration of the original AC. Tests involved: penetration, softening point, flash
point, ductility, solubility, TFOT (penetration & ductility)

80-100 200-300
Properties
min max min max

Penetration 80 100 200 300

Softening Point 45 52 33 43
Solubility 99.0 - 99.0 -
Ductility 100 - 100 -
Flash Point 225 - 200 -
Retained Pen 47 - 37 -
Loss on Heating - 0.5 - 1.0
Drop in Pen - 20 - 25
74
 Problem with PEN
system??
Temperature susceptibility
Medium

Low

High

25C (77F)
Temperature
 Viscosity Grading

•Measure pen and viscosity at 60˚C and

135˚C
•Tested on Asphalt Cement (AC) and
Asphalt Residue (AR)
•Unit poises
•AC-10,AC-20, AR- 4000
•Tests involved: viscosities, penetration,
flash point, solubility, TFOT (viscosity,
ductility)
•Does not test on low temperature
44
 Superpave Performance Grading ( PG System)

■ Historically graded according to penetration and viscosity

■ These tests measure asphalt sample at only one temp, do not
give indication of performance at wide range temp
■ Asphalt from diff crude meet PEN and VISC spec of given
grade but perform differently during constr. and service (at high
& low temp)
■ Performance Grade (PG) asphalt binder (original &
modified) measure physical properties throughout its temp
range
■ PG binders are graded according to climatic condition they
will
endure
■ Binder specification based on extreme hot and cold pavement
temperature. Tests involved: RV, DSR, BBR, DTT, RTFO, PAV
■ Changes in asphalt properties due to temperature, rate of
loading
45 and the effect of aging are considered
 Superpave Asphalt Binder
Specification
The grading system is based on hot and
cold pavement temperature

PG 64 - 22

Min pavement
Performance temperature
Grade
Average 7-day max
pavement temperature

78
 Penetration
– consistency test
(describe the degree of
fluidity of AC at any
particular temperature).
AC is thermoplastic
(consistency varies with Viscosity –
temperature) ), hardness consistency
Loss on heating-
test,
volatility
resistance to
flow

Softening
Point –
TFOT Bitumen consistency,
temp at
– short term aging Test which phase
change occurs

Solubility – Ductility –
purity elongation
(trichloroethy before
lene) breaking
Flash Point –
safety,
max safe
operating
temp
 Penetration

48
 Bitumen Sample

49
 Penetration
Apparatus

50
 Softening Point

52
 Softening Point
Apparatus

53
 Penetration Index
IP = (1951.4 – 500 log P – 20 SP) / (50 log P – SP – 120.14)

55
 Ductility
Apparatus

-5cm/min, 25˚C
-distance where it
breaks
Potential it cracks

56
 Flash Point /Cleveland Open Cup
test (Safety)

Thermometer

Cup filled with asphalt

Wand attached to gas line

57
 Flash Point

58
 Solubility
(Purity)

Dissolved in
trichloroethylene
filtered through a
glass fiber pad

59
 Tests used in Performance Grade(PG)
grading
• Tests are conducted to reflect pavement performance
under various environmental conditions and construction
workability
• Rutting & Fatigue Crack – Dynamic Shear Rheometer
• Short and Long Term Aging – Rolling Thin Film Oven Test,
Pressure Aging Vessel
• Low Temp Crack – Bending Beam Rheometer, Direct
Tension Test
• Construction Workability – Rotational Viscometer

60
 THANK YOU
for
your attention

61