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    Article 505

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    Article 505

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    Quality assessment of groundwater at

    Laksar Block, Haridwar in


    Uttarakhand, India using Water
    Quality Index: A case study

    Journal : applied and natural science


    Presented by : Vishal
    Entry no. 2021cem1008 presented
    to : Dr. L. Vijay Anand
    Introduction

     Groundwater is the most important natural resource used for drinking


    purpose.
     It is also used for agriculture, domestic and industrial activities.
     Out of the total quantity of water present on the earth, only 3% is
    freshwater. Less than 1% of the available water is accessible for drinking
    purpose.
    Groundwater pollution

     Due to the excess use of water, two problems grow simultaneously. First is the
    reduced groundwater table and the second one is water pollution in ponds,
    lakes, rivers and streams.
     Groundwater pollution occurs due to both natural and anthropogenic factors.
     The industrial waste and domestic waste either in solid or liquid form is
    directly discharged or dumped on the ground either treated, partially treated
    or in untreated form which ultimately causes pollution.
    Study area

     The study was undertaken in Laksar Block of Haridwar district of Uttarakhand,


    India to assess the hand pumps water quality (ground water) using water
    quality index.
     The study was carried out in different villages viz. Niranjanpur (SS-1, control
    site), Bhikkampurjeetpur (SS-2), SultanpurAdampur (SS-3), Bukkanpur (SS-4),
    Bahdarpur Khaddar (SS-5), Laksar (SS-6), Dabki Kalan (SS-7),
    AkaudhaAurangzebpur (SS-8), KharanjaKutubpur (SS-9), Raisi (SS-10) of Laksar
    block, located in Haridwar district in the state of Uttarakhand.
    Showing the map of block Laksar with all the sampling sites
    Table 1. Geological coordinates of sampling sites of study area (Laksar block, Haridwar Uttarakhand).

    Sampling sites Latitude Longitude Distance form


    control site
    SS-1: Niranjanpur 30° 17' 50.6436'' N 78° 0' 36.4068'' E Control site
    SS-2: Bhikkampurjeetpur 29° 43' 57.2088'' N 78° 9' 32.7708'' E 6.4KM
    SS-3: SultanpurAdampur 29° 45' 39.3408'' N 78° 6' 54.378'' E 9.0KM
    SS-4: Bukkanpur 29° 48' 11.4768'' N 78° 3' 44.424'' E 16.3KM
    SS-5: Bahdarpur Khaddar 28° 29' 35.7216'' N 77° 18' 10.7712'' E 18.3KM
    SS-6: Laksar 29° 45' 13.8348'' N 78° 1' 17.3352'' E 16.6KM
    SS-7: Dabki Kalan 29° 44' 29.256'' N 78° 0' 39.5136'' E 14.8KM
    SS-8: AkaudhaAurangzebpur 29° 44' 42.3924'' N 78° 3' 3.3408'' E 11.4KM
    SS-9: KharanjaKutubpur 29° 43' 51.6936'' N 78° 2' 33.846'' E 11.4KM
    SS-10: Raisi 29° 41' 58.0128'' N 78° 4' 49.17'' E 6.3KM
    Sampling methods

     The samples were collected in the morning hour from all the study sites for
    two years (2017 to 2019) on monthly basis.
     The samples were collected after 10 minute of pumping from each site in a
    Jerry can of 2 liters capacity using Grab sampling method and were
    transported to the laboratory immediately.
     The samples were analyzed for the physicochemical parameters such as
    temperature, TDS, EC, TS, pH, TH, CaH, Cl, SO4 --, NO3 --- and Fe using
    standard methods.
    Water quality index

     Water quality index (WQI) helps in understanding general quality status of a


    water source and therefore has been applied to both surface and groundwater
    for the quality estimation all over the world form the last few decades.
     Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and efficient method, which can
    provide a simple indicator of water quality and is based on several important
    parameters.
    WQI calculation

     In the present study, the WQI was calculated using the weighted arithmetic
    index method.
     In this model, the components with different water quality are multiplied by
    a weighting factor and then collected using a simple arithmetic mean.
     To assess water quality first, a Quality Rating Scale (Qn) was calculated for each
    parameter

    Where,
    Qn = is the Quality rating of nth parameter
    Vs = Observed value of the water quality parameter obtained from laboratory analysis
    Vio = Ideal value of that water quality parameter can be obtained from the standard Tables.
    Vi = pH 7 and for other parameters it is equal to zero,
    but for DO Vi = 14.6 mg/L
    Sn = Recommended WHO standard of the parameter.
     Then, after calculating the quality rating scale (Qn), the Relative (unit)
    weight (Wn) was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the
    recommended standard(Sn) for the corresponding parameter using the
    following expression-

    Where,
    Wn = Relative (unit) weight for nth parameter
    Xn= Standard permissible value for nth parameter
    K= Proportionality constant.
     Finally, the overall WQI was calculated by consolidating the quality ratings with
    unit weights using the following equation-

    Where,
    Qn= Quality rating
    Wn= Relative (unit) weight
    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

     The results of physicochemical parameters of all the study sites (Niranjanpur


    (SS-1, Control), Bhikkampurjeetpur (SS-2), SultanpurAdampur (SS-3),
    Bukkanpur (SS-4), Bahdarpur Khaddar (SS-5), Laksar (SS-6), Dabki Kalan (SS-
    7), AkaudhaAurangzebpur (SS-8), KharanjaKutubpur (SS-9), Raisi (SS-10))
    during the study period from 2017 to 2019 are given in following table
     The correlation among all the parameters (Temperature, EC, TDS, TS,
    pH, DO, TH, CaH, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Acidity and Iron (Fe)) is given
    in table 4.

    Table 4. Showing correlation between studied parameters.

    Parame-
    EC Temp TDS TS pH TH CaH DO Sulphate Nitrate Cl Iron
    ters
    EC 1.00
    Temp -0.31 1.00
    TDS 1.00 -0.33 1.00
    TS 0.97 -0.29 0.98 1.00
    pH -0.06 -0.26 -0.05 -0.06 1.00
    TH 0.28 -0.49 0.31 0.40 -0.05 1.00
    CaH 0.24 -0.46 0.26 0.35 -0.02 0.98 1.00
    DO -0.15 -0.02 -0.18 -0.34 0.23 -0.61 -0.51 1.00
    Sulphate 0.15 -0.18 0.15 0.22 -0.35 0.51 0.54 -0.24 1.00
    Nitrate 0.00 0.38 -0.04 -0.09 -0.16 -0.52 -0.39 0.69 0.14 1.00
    Cl 0.32 -0.36 - 0.34 0.43 -0.44 - 0.72 0.70 -0.60 0.65 -0.25 - 1.00
    Iron 0.68 0.27 0.70 0.80 0.05 -0.55
    0.78 0.78 0.57 0.17 0.68 1.00
    WQI at all stations
    Conclusion
     The study concluded that the maximum concentration of most of the parameters like EC,
    TDS, TS, TH, and Fe was observed at SS-6 (Laksar) of Laksar block of Haridwar district in
    Uttarakhand that may be due to the direct industrial discharge on the ground surface
    mostly from small and large scale sugar industries, tyre industry and cement industry.
     The values of TDS, TH, CaH, and Fe of groundwater at the sites SS6 (Laksar), SS-7
    (DabkiKalan), SS-8 (Akaudha Aurangzebpur), SS-9 (KharanjaKutubpur) and SS-10 (Raisi)
    were beyond the standards while that of nitrate, sulphate and chloride of the groundwater
    were below the WHO and BIS standards at all the sites. Based on WQI values, SS-6 (Laksar)
    was the most polluted site (WQI150.27), while SS-1 (Niranjanpur) was the least polluted
    (WQI-46.46) site.
     It is suggested that care should be taken that there is no direct industrial discharge on the
    ground surface to avoid contamination of the groundwater quality of the area. The study
    may be useful for managing the groundwater quality of the study area.
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    Thank you

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