Cellular IP and Comparison with

other Mobility Protocols

isadvantage oI Mobile IP
Mobile P is not appropriate, for fast mobility and
smooth handoff because after each migration a local
address must be obtained and communicated to a
possibly distant location directory or home agent.
Even in limited geographical areas, however, the
number of users can grow to a point where using fast
lookups for per user data bases is no longer viable.
Mobility management requires mobile hosts to send
registration information after migration. The resulting
signaling overhead has significant impact on the
performance of wireless access networks.
"uestions arises ?
How to deal Fast Handoff (Frequent
Handoff)?
How to Decrease the Signaling
Overhead for Registration?
How to separate active and idle users?
How to extend the Life of the Battery ?
Mobility Protocols
Mobile P - 1996
Cellular P May 1998
Handoff-Aware Wireless Access nternet
nfrastructure (HAWA) July 1999
Hierarchical MP- 1996
Cellular IP
CeIIuIar IP represents a new mobiIe host protocoI that is
optimized to provide access to a MobiIe IP enabIed Internet
support of fast moving wireIess hosts.
Micro-mobiIity
MobiIity in a Iimited geographicaI area, with hard reaI-
time requirements.
ProbabIy frequent handovers between pico- or nano-
ceIIs.
The CeIIuIar IP network is connected to the Internet via a
gateway router.
MobiIity between gateways (i.e., CeIIuIar IP access
networks) is managed by MobiIe IP whiIe mobiIity within
access networks is handIed by CeIIuIar IP.
Protocol overview
Base station is cellular P's universal
component which controls routing for P
packets and integrates cellular control
functionality.
The base station also contains the
routing and paging caches.
Gateway connects the cellular P
network to the internet.
Gateway also acts as care-of-address to
allow mobile hosts access to the internet.
Packets will be first routed to the host's home
agent and then tunneled to
the gateway
The gateway "detunnels'' packets and
forwards them toward base stations
Packets transmitted by mobile hosts
are first routed to the gateway and
from there on to the Internet
MOBILE IP
CELLULAR IP
#outing
Gateway periodically broadcasts beacon packets on
the access network.
Base stations use the interface they receive from the
gateway beacon packets and route packets towards
the gateway.
Base station routing cache stores the mobile hosts P
address.
Mobile hosts need to send regular data packets to
the gateway to keep a soft-state route between the
mobile host and the gateway.
A mobile host can make the base station keep it's
route mapping by sending empty P packets to the
gateway.
Cellular IP
ase Station
#oute
Cache
Paging
Cache
(optional)
To Gateway
To other BSs
Local coverage
area
iIIerences between
Paging Cache and #outing Cache
A paging cache has the same format and operation
as a routing cache except for two differences.
First, paging cache mappings have a longer timeout period
called paging-timeout.
Second, paging cache mappings are updated by any packet
sent by mobile hosts including paging-update packets.
Routing cache mappings are updated by data and
route-update packets sent by mobile hosts.
This results in idle mobile hosts having mappings in paging
caches but not in routing caches.
n addition, active mobile hosts will have mappings in both
types of cache.
Cellular IP - #egistration
Correspondent Node
Home Agent
BS
Gateway
BS
BS
BS
Internet
(mobile) IP
signaling
Cellular IP
Signaling
Cellular IP
Network
Mobile
Station
CIP signaling
MIP signaling
Cellular IP Paging
Paging occurs when a packet is addressed to an idle mobile host and the
gateway or base stations find no valid routing cache mapping for the destination.
f the base station has no paging cache, it will forward the packet to all its
interfaces except for the one the packet came through.
Paging cache is used to avoid broadcast search procedures found in cellular
systems.
Base stations that have paging cache will only forward the paging packet if the
destination has a valid paging cache mapping and only to the mapped
interface(s).
Without any paging cache the first packet addressed to an idle mobile host is
broadcast in the access network. While the packet does not experience extra
delay it does, however, load the access network.
dle mobile hosts that receive a packet move from idle to active state, start their
active-state-timer and immediately transmit a route-update packet.
Cellular IP - Paging
Correspondent Node
Home Agent
BS
Gateway
BS
BS
BS
Internet
Cellular IP
Network
Mobile
Station
CIP paging
Cellular IP Paging #esponse
Correspondent Node
Home Agent
BS
Gateway
BS
BS
BS
Internet
Cellular IP
Network
Mobile
Station
#outing
update
Cellular IP ata delivery
Correspondent Node
Home Agent
BS
Gateway
BS
BS
BS
Internet
Cellular IP
Network
Mobile
Station
andoII
Cellular P supports two types of
handoff scheme.
Hard Handoff
Semisoft handoff
ard handoII
A simple approach that trades off some packet loss for
minimizing handoff signaling rather than trying to
guarantee zero packet loss.
To perform a handoff, a mobile host tunes its radio to a
new base station and sends a route-update packet.
The route update message creates routing cache
mappings en route to the gateway configuring the
downlink route cache to point toward the new base
station.
Handoff latency is equal to the round-trip time between
the mobile host and the .rossover base station
n the worst case the crossover point is the gateway.
Cellular IP ard andoII
Correspondent Node
Home Agent
BS
Gateway
BS
BS
BS
Internet
Cellular IP
Network
Mobile
Station
Packet are
dropped
$emisoIt andoII
The routing cache mappings associated with
the new base station is created before the
actual handoff takes place by send the
semisoft packet to new base station, Thus
reduces handoff latency.
The path to the old base station remains in
place until the soft-state cache mappings time
out.
After the mobile host enter into new base
station, the mobile host performs a regular
handoff.
Cellular IP $emi$oIt andoII
Correspondent Node
Home Agent
BS
Gateway
BS
BS
BS
Internet
Cellular IP
Network
Mobile
Station
Before the Handoff
taking place the
Mobile station send
the Semi Soft message
to the New base station
After Time out
$ecurity
Only authenticated packets can establish or change
cache mappings in a Cellular P access network.
By authenticating paging and routing update control
messages, malicious users are prevented from
capturing traffic destined for mobile hosts.
n Cellular P access networks, only control packets
are authenticated.
Data packets are not authenticated
Because Control messages establish and change
existing mappings and data packets can only refresh
existing mappings.
awaii
The Hawaii protocol from Lucent Technologies proposes a
separate routing protocol to handle intradomain mobility.
Hawaii relies on Mobile P to provide wide-area interdomain
mobility.
A mobile host entering a new FA domain is assigned a
collocated care-of address. The mobile node retains its care-of
address unchanged while moving within the foreign domain;
thus, the HA does not need to be involved unless the mobile
node moves to a new domain.
Nodes in a Hawaii network execute a generic P routing protocol
and maintain mobility-specific routing information as per host
routes added to legacy routing tables.
Hawaii nodes can be considered enhanced P routers, where
the existing packet forwarding function is reused.
Contd.
Location information (i.e., mobile-specific routing
entries) is created, updated, and modified by explicit
signaling messages sent by mobile hosts.
Hawaii defines four alternative path setup schemes
that control handoff between access points.
The appropriate path setup scheme is selected
depending on the operator's priorities between
eliminating packet loss, minimizing handoff latency,
and maintaining packet ordering.
Hawaii also uses P multicasting to page idle mobile
hosts when incoming data packets arrive at an
access network and no recent routing information is
available.
M$ andoII Management in awaii
A
B C
A
B C
A
B C
A
B
A
B
(2): 1.1.1.1-~A
(0): 1.1.1.1-~C
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(3): 1.1.1.1-~C
(1): 1.1.1.1-~A
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(4): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
(5): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
OB$
isadvantages
Mis-ordered packets
Adversely impact on
application like TCP and Audio
$$ andoII management in awaii
A
B C
A
B C
A
B C
A
B
A
B
(4):A,B 1.1.1.1-~C
(0): *,1.1.1.1-~C
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(3): A,C1.1.1.1-~B
(5): 1.1.1.1-~A
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(2): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
(1): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
OB$
C,1.1.1.1-~A
B,1.1.1.1-~C
(6): *,1.1.1.1-~C
use a technique we term
interfacebased forwarding.
This requires more
descriptive routing table
entries.
A routing table typically
has an entry oI the Iorm (IP
address-~outgoing
InterIace).
In this scheme, the router
must be able to route based
on an additional Iield, the
incoming interIace oI the
packet.
& andoII Management in awaii
A
B C
A
B C
A
B C
A
B
A
B
(4): 1.1.1.1-~A
(0): 1.1.1.1-~C
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(3): 1.1.1.1-~C
(5): 1.1.1.1-~A
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(2): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
(1): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
OB$
Data packets are
diverted at the
cross-over router to
the new base
station, resulting in
no forwarding of
packets from the old
base station.
M handoII management
A
B C
A
B C
A
B C
A
B
A
B
(4)1.1.1.1-~A
(0): *,1.1.1.1-~C
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(3): 1.1.1.1-~B,C
(5): 1.1.1.1-~A
(0): 1.1.1.1-~B
(2): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
(1): 1.1.1.1-~B
(0): 1.1.1.1-~A
OB$
(6): *,1.1.1.1-~C
The M scheme is very
similar to the & scheme.
The main diIIerence is that
the cross-over router,
#outer 0, multicasts data
packets Ior a short duration.
ierarchical MIP
The Hierarchical Mobile P protocol from Ericsson and Nokia employs a
hierarchy of FAs to locally handle Mobile P registration.
n this protocol mobile hosts send Mobile P registration messages to
update their respective location information.
Registration messages establish tunnels between neighboring FAs
along the path from the mobile host to a gateway FA (GFA).
Packets addressed to the mobile host travel in this network of tunnels,
which can be viewed as a separate routing network overlay on top of
P.
The use of tunnels makes it possible to employ the protocol in an P
network that carries non-mobile traffic as well.
Typically one level of hierarchy is considered where all FAs are
connected to the GFA.
n this case, direct tunnels connect the GFA to FAs that are located at
access points.
ierarchical oreign Agents
FA1
FA2 FA3
FA4 FA5 FA6 FA7
MH
HA
INTERNET
MHFA1
MHFA2
MHFA4
MHIF
MHFA3
MHFA6
MHIF
MH MH
CH
MHIF
MHFA5
Binding
$I#ABL P#OTOCOL $IG
I$$&$
IobaI connectivity: The goal of mobility management should ensure
continuous and seamless global connectivity.
AAA and security: Protocol should support are capable of performing
accounting, authentication and authorization (AAA) services.
IobaI roaming faciIity: The mobile user may move anywhere
throughout the world and still get connected to the nternet whenever
he/she likes.
StabIe point of attachment: The aim of the new protocol is to provide
a single global P address to the mobile node.
ReaI-time traffic management: Protocol that should support real-time
traffic management in maintaining larger bandwidth and higher speed
of operation.
QoS support: The new protocol should support integrated QoS
management for fulfilling bandwidth requirement of the future 4G
networks.
$I#ABL P#OTOCOL $IG
I$$&$
ynamic address aIIocation: For future pervasive computing
environments where we are likely to see the proliferation of
networked devices on a large scale, need for auto configuration
and dynamic address allocation will be a must because manual
configuration proves to be cumbersome and time consuming.
ProtocoI Iayers: The protocol should be implemented at the
network layer of the OS model.
IP Paging support: The protocol should support P paging and
must be able to distinguish active and idle hosts.
Routing optimization: Route optimization may be adopted
such that routes to mobile nodes from their correspondent
nodes can be improved if the correspondent node has an upto-
date mobility binding for the mobile node in its routing table.
$I#ABL P#OTOCOL $IG
I$$&$
MobiIity management: Protocol should support the users
dynamic mobility, (i.e. the networking infrastructure must ensure
that they continue to gain access to network resources and
services.)
Handoff controI: while in handoff the packet loss should be not
be there.
Low signaIing overhead: signaling overhead should be low.
Latency: The mobility management architecture and the new
protocol would be able to seamlessly redirect packets to the
mobile node's new point of attachment with minimum latency.
Location update: t is a part of location management. Location
update procedure would be such that the overall signaling
overhead on the home agent is minimized.
MobiIe IP H- MIP CeIIuIar IP Hawaii
IobaI Connectivity Yes Yes Yes Yes
AAA and Security Yes No No No
IobaI Roaming
FaciIity
Yes Yes Yes Yes
StabIe Point of
attachment
No No No No
ReaI time Traffic
Management
No No No No
QOS Support No No No No
Location Update atagram
TunneIing
SignaIing
message
ata
Packets
SignaIing
message
Latency High High Low Low
MobiIe IP H- MIP CeIIuIar IP Hawaii
ynamic Address
aIIocation
No No No No
ProtocoI Layer
L3 L3 L3 L3
IP Paging Support
No Yes Yes Yes
Routing Optimization
MobiIity binding No No No
MobiIity Management
Inter omain Inter domain &
intra domain
Intra domain Inter domain &
intra domain
Handoff controI
SpeciaI
TunneIing and
binding for
Smooth
handoff
Hard Hard/Soft 4 path
Setup
schemes
UNF &
MSF
SignaIing Overhead
High High Low Low
#eIerence
http://comet.columbia.edu
Design, mplementation, and Evaluation of Cellular P -Andrew T.
Campbell, Javier Gomez, Sanghyo Kim, Andrs G. Valk, and Chieh-
Yih Wan, Columbia University, New York Zoltn R. Turnyi, Technical
University of Budapest
A Comparative Study of Existing Protocols Supporting P Mobility
COMPARSON OF P MCROMOBLTY PROTOCOLS -ANDREW T.
CAMPBELL, JAVER GOMEZ, SANGHYO KM, AND CHEH-YH
WAN, COLUMBA UNVERSTY, ZOLTAN R. TURANY AND ANDRAS
G. VALKO, ERCSSON RESEARCH
Enhanced Micro mobility Scheme Kwang Jo Lee, Myoung Chul Jung,
Jai Yong Lee