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CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIAL
Mrs. Trushna Jena

Assistant Professor
Department of CIVIL Engineering
IGIT Sarang
Workability of Fresh Concrete By Slump Cone Test (IS: 7320-1974, IS:
1199-1959, SP : 23-1982 )
• The workability of concrete is the property of concrete which determines the
amount of useful internal work, necessary to produce full compaction i.e., it is
the amount of energy needed to overcome friction while compacting concrete.
• Also defined as the relative ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported,
molded and compacted without any segregation.
Apparatus for Slump test
• Metallic mould in the shape of a frustum of cone having bottom diameter 20 cm
(8 in), top diameter 10 cm (4 in) and height 30 cm (12in).
• Steel tamping rod having 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter, 0.6 m (2 ft.) long with bullet
end.
Procedure of Slump test
• First of all, the internal surface of the mould is cleaned and free from
moisture and free from other old sets of concrete.
• Then place the mould on the smooth horizontal, rigid, and non-absorbant
surface.
• The mould is then filled with fresh concrete in four layers with taping
each layer 25 times by taping rod, and level the top surface with a trowel.
• Then the mould is slowly pulled in vertical and removed from concrete,
so as not to disturb the concrete cone.
• This free concrete deform all the surface to subside due to the effect
of gravity.
• That subsidence of concrete in the periphery is a SLUMP of concrete.
• The height difference between the height of subsidence concrete and
mould cone in mm is ‘slump value of concrete’.
Recorded slump value of a sample is = ……… mm

• collapse slump: in this type of slump concrete collapse completely
• shear slump:in this type of slump concrete top portion shears off
and slide away
• true slump: in this type of slump concrete keep almost same shape
Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives

incorrect result and if this occurs the test shall be repeated with
another sample. If, in the repeat test also, the specimen should
shear, the slump shall be measured and the fact that the specimen
sheared, shall be recorded.
Determination Workability of Fresh Concrete By Compacting Factor Test
(Reference : IS; 1199-1959, SP : 23-1982 )
Theory :
The compacting factor test is designed primarily for use in the laboratory but it
can also be used in the field. It is more precise and sensitive than the slump
test and is particularly useful for concrete mixes of very low workability as are
normally used when concrete is to be compacted by vibration. The method
applies to plain and air-entrained concrete, made with lightweight, normal
weight or heavy aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 40 mm or less
but not to aerated concrete or no-fines concrete.
Apparatus :
• Compacting Factor Apparatus,
• Trowel
• Scoop about 150 mm long.,
• Balance capable of weighing up to 25 kg with the sensibility of 10 g
• Weights and weighing device
• Tamper ( 16 mm in diameter and 600 mm length)
• Ruler
• Tools and containers for mixing
Procedure :
The test will be done in two stages.
 first stage fill the upper hopper gently with fresh concrete then open the trap
door. remove the stuck concrete gently using the tamping rod then open the
door for the bottom hopper. cut the excess concrete from the cylinder using
trowel and level the concrete at top of the cylinder. clean any concrete stuck
outside the cylinder and weight it (W1). this knows as the weight of partially
compacted concrete.
 the second stage of the test: the cylinder will be filled in layers. each layer shall
not exceed 5 cm and it must be compacted heavily using tamping rod or
vibration to achieve full compaction. the exceesive concrete at cylinder top
shall be removed and the weight of cylinder measured. this weight knows as
fully compacted concrete (W2).
compaction factor=(W1-W)/(W2-W)
W is the weight of empty cylinder

• FLEXURAL TEST ON CONCRETE(IS 516-2002)
Flexural test evaluates the tensile strength of concrete indirectly. It tests the ability of
unreinforced concrete beam or slab to withstand failure in bending.The results of flexural
test on concrete expressed as a modulus of rupture which denotes as (MR) in MPa or psi.
• Indian standard determined the size of the concrete specimen as 150mm width, 150mm
depth, and span of 700mm. It also states that a size of 100mm width, 100mm depth, and
span of 500mm can be used if the maximum aggregate size used is not greater than
19mm.
The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by
• fb = pl/bd2 (when a > 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or > 13.0cm for 10cm
specimen) or
• fb = 3pa/bd2 (when a < 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3
cm but > 11.0cm for 10.0cm specimen.)
Where, a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer
support, measured on the center line of the tensile side of the specimen
b = width of specimen (cm)
d = failure point depth (cm)
l = supported length (cm)
p = max. Load (kg)
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMEN
(IS 5816 1999)
The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties
which greatly affect the extent and size of cracking in structures. Moreover,
the concrete is very weak in tension due to its brittle nature. Hence. it is
not expected to resist the direct tension. So, concrete develops cracks when
tensile forces exceed its tensile strength.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete

to determine the load at which the concrete members may crack.
Calculation
T= 2P/ pi LD
Where:
T = splitting tensile strength, MPa
P: maximum applied load indicated by the
testing machine,N
D: diameter of the specimen, mm
L: length of the specimen,mm
• A ceramic material is an inorganic, non-metallic, often crystalline
oxide, nitride or carbide material. Some elements, such as carbon or
silicon, may be considered ceramics. Ceramic materials are brittle, hard,
strong in compression, and weak in shearing and tension.
• Material that can withstand very high temperatures 3000°C or more

without degrading or softening. Refractory materials include certain
ceramics and superalloys, and are used in heat insulation of furnaces, jet
and rocket engines, and parts of space vehicles such as the shuttle
Bitumen :-
• It is obtained by fractional distillation of Crude Petroleum (in
the presence of air) and it is the last stage end product (which is
having maximum waste characteristic in this processing) as LPG-
Gasoline-Petrol-Kerosene-Diesel-Lubricant Oil-Wax-Bitumen.
• It is widely used in Road construction and also used for
Priming .
• It have less affinity to water. Also it is have less temperature
susceptibility.
• It have less free carbon content and it have more workability.
Asphalt
• It is a material that's usually described as a sticky, black and hugely thick
substance that's comparably the semi-solid form of petroleum. The
material is constructed in a plant that heats up, dries and blends aggregate,
bitumen and sand into one mixture. It's known to solidify at low
temperatures and be in its liquid state under hot conditions.
• Bitumen is the liquid binder that holds asphalt together. A bitumen-sealed
surface is a layer of bitumen sprayed and then covered with an aggregate.
This is then repeated to give a two-coat seal. Asphalt is produced in a plant
that heats, dries and mixes aggregate, bitumen and sand into a composite.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIAL

Mrs. Trushna Jena

Recorded slump value of a sample is = ……… mm

Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives

W is the weight of empty cylinder

Therefore, it is necessary to determine the tensile strength of concrete

• Material that can withstand very high temperatures 3000°C or more

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